1. Life Cycle Implications of ECC- Bridge Components Andrew Shuck May 3, 2010

2. Areas of Progress 1.Tensile samples with CKD replacement are sanded, glued, and ready to test 2.Components ordered for structural testing 3.Beginning to parameterize LCA aspects of bridge project

3. ECC Mix Design LCA Draws on an LCI of different components of ECC ingredients (and alternative mix designs), which are: – Cement – Sand – Fly ash – PVA fiber – HRWRA – Water

4. Different Mix Options 1.Standard structural concrete 2.ECC – M45 mix developed at Michigan 3.Well graded aggregate: like regular concrete, but the gradation of the aggregate (sand, gravel) leads less cement and water content 4.ECC – 30% replacement of cement with CKD

5. Relative Impacts of 4 mixes

6. Confirms Intuition 1.Lack of large aggregate (gravel) in ECC means a high amount of cement, which creates problems with CO 2 emissions – Combated to some degree by the potential for waste control by precasting members 2.Exclusion of LA and use of waste materials (fly ash, CKD) means landfilling benefits with ECC

7. Application of Mix Designs 1.Enter into Simapro to develop full process- based LCA of the bridge superstructure (not the effect its actual construction process has…) 2.Important to establish average (or at least sensitivities of) waste factors of the different materials to realistically capture the impacts of different material options

8. Traffic Congestion Model CO3 (COnstruction, COngestion, COst) In their own words: “The CO3 System is a tool with which engineers can estimate the magnitude and impacts of traffic congestion, including its cost impact on road users, that can be expected during a construction project.” “CO3 measures the impact of congestion in two basic ways: (1) variables such as delay, diverted vehicles, and backup measure different characteristics of congestion and (2) user cost provides a common unit of measure with which to sum traffic impacts and compare them with construction cost.”

9. There’s a Catch, Though “The following description of Microsoft Excel assumes that the user is familiar with a keyboard and how it works…”

10. CO3 - Overview Different tabs of user-input: traffic, routes, impact, input Gives results in terms of money and time lost due to the chosen lane closure method Want to get the daily loss for our project and look at that impact over the course of multiple days saved by using an ECC-based structural system

11. CO3 – Critical Inputs Value of time & distance on the road to the user Traffic information: volume and distribution throughout the day Fate of cars by percentage: delayed, diverted, canceled Lane closure pattern/method

12. CO3 – Value to User This value should be easily parameterized, and will probably be pretty linear – Simply take multiple values of the user loss per time/mile and the results of those different values and fit a line to the relationship – Someone wanting to perform an LCA of the ECC bridge option can simply choose their user value based on a to-be-determined basis

13. CO3 – Traffic Info This information is tricky: the volume of vehicles is easy… – Average daily traffic along I-80 in Nebraska (location of example bridge) = 39,285 of which 7,640 units are heavy commercial vehicles … but the distribution of this traffic through the day is tougher – Bi-modal peak traffic from commuters or more uniform throughout the day? – Not sure how to address this… maybe a couple of different distributions can be given as options

14. CO3 – Vehicle Assignment Delayed: stuck in your traffic mess Diverted: take a detour Canceled: don’t make trip at all (I think)

15. CO3 – Problems with Assignments Importance of Route: In terms of generalizing this information, how can we identify the percentage of people that HAVE to make a trip everyday? (i.e., cannot “cancel”) Detour: Very site-specific, and difficult to limit to a couple of options

16. CO3 – Lane Closure Method Presumably closing 1 lane (of 2) of traffic for 1 mile, but that could certainly change – Just parameterize for a couple of lane options Will the different bridge systems mean different fundamental lane closure requirements?

17. CO3 – In Sum Hang-ups are certainly surmountable, but I need to get a better idea of what the results are most sensitive to when making assumptions 250 page CO3 user manual will be my best friend for a few weeks more But wait, there’s more!

18. Additional LCA Models MOVES – Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator – GUI-based program linked with MySQL, which I need much more practice with NONROAD – nonroad engines, equipment and vehicles – Impossibly fickle/uppity GUI that refused to yield after ~5 hours of battle… I know there are Zen gardens devoted to dealing with this program

19. Archaeological Aside: Old Concrete Histogram of compressive strength for gym foundation cored samples (in psi)

20. Questions? Thank you!