1. Skills: none Concepts: innovation timing, research prototype, commodity versus custom hardware, graphical user interface, contributions of Doug Engelbart, Ivan Sutherland, and Xerox PARC This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. Innovation timing

2. Where does this topic fit? Internet concepts – Applications – Technology – Implications Internet skills – Application development – Content creation – User skills

3. A typical graphical user interface

4. Ivan Sutherland 1963Doug Engelbart, 1968

5. The TX-2 at MIT

6. The Alto at Xerox PARC, 1973

7. Fail: Xerox Star, 1981 Custom hardware

8. Fail: Apple Lisa, 1983 Custom hardware

9. Success: Apple Macintosh, 1984 Custom hardware

10. Fail: VisiOn, 1983 Commodity PCs

11. Fail: Windows 1, 1985 Commodity PCs

12. Fail: Windows 2, 1987 Commodity PCs

13. Success: Windows 3, 1990 Commodity PCs

14. Not only hardware timing

15. Summary

16. Self-study questions The Apple iPad was a successful product when introduced in 2010. Other tablet computers preceded it and did poorly. Describe one and discuss the reasons for its failure. Apple introduced a hand held computer called the Newton in 1993, but it failed. What were the reasons for its failure?

17. Resources Video of Ivan Sutherland demonstrating Sketchpad, narrated by Alan Kay: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOZqRJzE8xghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOZqRJzE8xg Video of Doug Engelbart demonstrating NLS: http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/1968Demo.html http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/1968Demo.html A short overview of Xerox PARC and its influence on Apple and Microsoft: http://hightechhistory.com/2011/06/02/a-brief-early-history-of-xerox- parc-and-the-development-of-the-personal-computer/ Introduction of the Macintosh and the legendary “1984” commercial: http://vimeo.com/20676234 Wikipedia and other Internet sites have a lot of information on the products discussed in this presentation.