1. MENTAL REPRESENATIONS Neur 3680 Midterm I review

2. Mental Representations Mental representations can start with sensory input and progress to more abstract forms – Local features such as colors, line orientation, brightness, motion are represented at low levels A “labeled line” -Activity on this unit “means” that a line is present -Does the line actually have to be present?

3. Mental Representations Mental representations can start with sensory input and progress to more abstract forms – Local features such as colors, line orientation, brightness, motion are represented at low levels A “labeled line” -Activity on this unit “means” that a line is present -Does the line actually have to be present?

4. texture defined boundaries are representations arrived at by synthesizing the local texture features

5. the representation is embellished and extended

6. Mental Representations can be transformed

7. SAME MIRROR-REVERSED

8. Mental representations Posner letter matching task – Same category or different? – Physically the same? Stroop task – interference

9. First Principles What are some ways that information might be represented by neurons? – Magnitude might be represented by firing rate (e.g. brightness) – Presence or absence of a feature or piece of information might be represented by whether certain neurons are active or not – the “labeled line” (e.g. color, orientation, pitch) – Conjunctions of features might be represented by coordinated activity between two such labeled lines – Binding of component features might be represented by synchronization of units in a network

10. Posner and his colleagues had participants view two letters and respond according to whether these letters were both vowels, both consonants, or one of each. Participants were fastest when viewing two physically identical letters, somewhat slower when viewing the same letter in two different fonts, and slowest in the case where two different consonants were presented. This finding shows that a.we form multiple representations of stimuli. b.we form representations of stimuli based only on their physical attributes. c.we form representations of stimuli based only on their abstract category membership. d.more complex mental representations produce faster reaction times.

11. Posner and his colleagues had participants view two letters and respond according to whether these letters were both vowels, both consonants, or one of each. Participants were fastest when viewing two physically identical letters, somewhat slower when viewing the same letter in two different fonts, and slowest in the case where two different consonants were presented. This finding shows that a.we form multiple representations of stimuli. b.we form representations of stimuli based only on their physical attributes. c.we form representations of stimuli based only on their abstract category membership. d.more complex mental representations produce faster reaction times.

13. VISION Neur 3680 Midterm I review

14. Visual Pathways Image is focused on the retina Fovea is the centre of visual field – highest acuity Peripheral retina receives periphery of visual field – lower acuity – sensitive under low light

15. Retina has distinct layers… Photoreceptors: Rods and cones respond to different wavelengths Amacrine and bipolar cells perform “early” processing  converging / diverging input from receptors  lateral inhibition leads to centre/surround receptive fields - first step in shaping “tuning properties” of higher-level neurons signals converge onto ganglion cells which send action potentials to the (LGN) two kinds of ganglion cells: Magnocellular and Parvocellular RETINA LGN

17. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus maintains segregation: of M and P cells (mango and parvo) of left and right eyes Primary visual cortex receives input from LGN Primary cortex maintains distinct pathways – functional segregation M and P pathways synapse in different layers

18. The Role of “Extrastriate” Areas 1.System is hierarchical 2. System is analytic and parallel

19. SUMMARY: Dorsal stream area MT M cells-interblobs Retina LGN V1 P cells- blobs Ventral streamV4

20. SUMMARY: movement and direction Dorsal stream area MT WHERE/HOW M cells-interblobs Retina LGN V1 P cells- blobs Ventral streamV4 WHAT color

21. Subtract Voxel intensities during these scans… …from voxel intensities during these scans …etc. Time -> Zeki et al.

22. The receptive fields in the primary visual cortex are ________ the receptive fields in the visual association areas. a.smaller than b.larger than c.equal in size to d.less selective than

23. The receptive fields in the primary visual cortex are ________ the receptive fields in the visual association areas. a.smaller than b.larger than c.equal in size to d.less selective than

24. The term ________ is used to describe the situation in which group 1 is impaired on task X and unimpaired on task Y and group 2 is impaired on task Y and unimpaired on task X. In contrast, the term ________ is used when group 1 is impaired on task X and unimpaired on task Y and group 2 is unimpaired on both tasks X and Y. a.single dissociation / double dissociation b.double dissociation / single dissociation c.double dissociation / triple dissociation d.triple dissociation / double dissociation

25. The term ________ is used to describe the situation in which group 1 is impaired on task X and unimpaired on task Y and group 2 is impaired on task Y and unimpaired on task X. In contrast, the term ________ is used when group 1 is impaired on task X and unimpaired on task Y and group 2 is unimpaired on both tasks X and Y. a.single dissociation / double dissociation b.double dissociation / single dissociation c.double dissociation / triple dissociation d.triple dissociation / double dissociation

26. Subtract Voxel intensities during these scans… …from voxel intensities during these scans …etc. Time -> Zeki et al. Stroke = Achromatopsia

27. Subtract Voxel intensities during these scans… …from voxel intensities during these scans …etc. Time -> MOVING STATIONARY MOVING STATIONARY

28. Subtract Voxel intensities during these scans… …from voxel intensities during these scans …etc. Time -> MOVING STATIONARY MOVING STATIONARY Stroke = akinetopsia

30. Visual Neuron Responses This conceptualization of the visual system was “static” - it did not take into account the possibility that visual cells might change their response selectivity over time – Logic went like this: if the cell is firing, its preferred line/edge must be present and… – if the preferred line/edge is present, the cell must be firing We will encounter examples in which neither of these are true! Representing boundaries must be more complicated than simple edge detection!

31. Colour Brightness EDGES Texture Motion cues Depth cues

32. The distinct modes of vision offered by feedforward and recurrent processing Victor A.F. Lamme and Pieter R. Roelfsema

33. Dorsal vs. Ventral stream - spatial and object vision Pre-attentive vs. Attentive Conscious vs. Unconscious Dichotomies:

34. The Feed-Forward Sweep The feed-forward sweep is the initial response of each visual area “in turn” as information is passed to it from a “lower” area Characteristics: – a single spike per synapse – no time for lateral connections – no time for feedback connections

36. The Feed-Forward Sweep The feed-forward sweep is the initial response of each visual area “in turn” as information is passed to it from a “lower” area Characteristics: – a single spike per synapse – no time for lateral connections – no time for feedback connections

38. Curve tracing – monkey indicates whether a particular segment is on a particular curve – requires attention to scan the curve and “select” all segments that belong together – that is: make a representation of the entire curve – takes time What is the binding problem?

39. QUESTIONS: