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1 Energy in the Water Cycle: An introduction Jorge A. Elias M. j.a.eliasmaxil@tudelft.nl 1
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Why is it important? How can we reduce CO 2 emissions in the UWC? How much heat is lost in Domestic Water? What is the heat potential in Urban Water? Where is an opportunity? How heat is recovered? What kind of projects are there? Which are some developing technologies? 2
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3 Energy sources in The Netherlands World 1 Mtoe = 2388 PJ
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CO 2 emission and electricity consumption in the world according to the development of certain countries 4 20032006 Source: UNDP
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Energy reducing strategies ◦ Improving treatment processes ◦ Recycling water ◦ Reusing energy in water ◦ Using different energy sources ◦ Water minimization ◦ Producing energy form water 5
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In The Netherlands 6 Water Consumption130 L/inhab Heated water65 L/inhab Average temperature of heated water 40ºC Energy in waterkWh/inhab/yr Transportation90 Treatment90 Heating(40ºC)700 70 – 82 % of «invested» energy in water 20 – 40 % Of Energy loses in a house
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7 Avoided Ktons CO 2 Case of Amsterdam
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Heat pump ◦ Its utilization started more than 20 years ◦ In Switzerland: 3% of the thermal energy demand of buildings. 10
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Heat Recovery in showers ◦ 4 – 15% Energy Savings ◦ No extra energy required ◦ For individual showers ◦ The near to the hot source, the better ATES-BTES ◦ Heat «Storage» ◦ Coupled with heat pumps ◦ BTES are more expensive ◦ They must be stabilized
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District heating ◦ Hotels, pools, buildings, houses. ◦ Minimum flow: 10 L/s ◦ Main concern: Performance of WWTP Sludge drying ◦ With treated water ◦ It does not represent danger to the WWTP performance ◦ Not many publications
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Using different energy sources Water minimization Producing energy form water Solar desalination Smart Grids MFC’s 13
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Membrane desalination ◦ A thermally driven process the steam of the feed (hot solution) passes through membrane ◦ Need for development Long-term performance Scale-up Realistic assessments 14
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Smart grids ◦ Measuring and control technologies ◦ Applied mostly in electrical industry ◦ Leaks detection ◦ Provide information about consumption ◦ Real-Time knowledge 15
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Microbial Fuel Cells ◦ Yield: 23 W/m3 ◦ Can be used for WWT (nitrification) ◦ Cathode is the «bottle neck» of MFCs ◦ No commercially available $ Materials of electrodes Pilot projects (fouling, changes in substrate and temperature) Lack of knowledge about bacterial metabolism 16 Other types: Plants-MFCs
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17 You can be happy when you use me Because me and my friends can become more CO 2 neutral or… An ENERGY FACTORY
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18 Comments and suggestions? And finally, thank you for your attention
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