1. Biochemistry – Essential Notes

2. Let’s get a sense of scale: How Do Molecules & Atoms Relate to Cells?
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3. What elements do you see in the atoms that make up this molecule?
A Single Organelle (chloroplast) in the Cell
Zoom in…
PLANT CELLS
Zoom in a lot more…
A Single Molecule inside the Organelle (chlorophyll)
Atoms come together to make up molecules
What elements do you see in the atoms that make up this molecule?

4. Six Common Elements in Living Things:
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Oxygen (O)
Phosphorus (P)
Sulfur (S)
CHNOPS
Objectives for Class:
Identify the 6 key elements found in living things
Explain how monomers and polymers relate to each other
Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates
Identify two key functions of carbohydrates in food

5. Carbon: The “Swiss Army Knife” Element of Life
More versatile than any other element!
Can bond with itself and many other elements
Forms millions of large molecules
Monomer
– a single, building-block molecule based on carbon
Polymer (a.k.a. Macromolecule)
– “Many monomers” a long chain of monomers bonded together to form one huge molecule
Objectives for Class:
Identify the 6 key elements found in living things
Explain how monomers and polymers relate to each other
Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates
Identify two key functions of carbohydrates in food

6. 4 Types of Carbon-Based Compounds:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
All contain C, H, O and sometimes N, P, S.
Each type is made of monomers that connect to form polymers.
IMPORTANT NOTE:
Each type is separate – not made of each other! Lipids are not made of carbs!
Objectives for Class:
Identify the 6 key elements found in living things
Explain how monomers and polymers relate to each other
Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates
Identify two key functions of carbohydrates in food

7. Carbohydrates contain C-H2O
Simple sugars
Monosaccharide = one sugar
Ex: glucose, fructose
Disaccharide = double sugar
Ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose
Used as an immediate energy source
(for cell respiration to make ATP)
Foods: sugar, fruit, candy, juice, soda
Objectives for Class:
Identify the 6 key elements found in living things
Explain how monomers and polymers relate to each other
Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates
Identify two key functions of carbohydrates in food

8. Carbohydrates (cont) Complex sugars Polysaccharide = many sugars
Objectives for Class:
Identify the 6 key elements found in living things
Explain how monomers and polymers relate to each other
Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates
Identify two key functions of carbohydrates in food
Complex sugars
Polysaccharide = many sugars
Starch – used for long-term energy storage
Foods: grains, root vegetables (bread, pasta, cereal, rice, corn, potatoes)
Fiber – can’t give energy but helps our digestive systems
Found in plant cell walls
Foods: fruits, vegetables, whole grains (lettuce, celery, whole wheat)

9. Mad carbons = Mad Energy
Lipids contain mostly C and H
Examples:
Fats, oils, cholesterol, waxes
Characteristics:
Made of fatty acids and glycerol
Do not dissolve in water (repel water)
Uses in the Body:
Long-term ENERGY storage
Cell membranes
Waterproofing
Foods: Oils (from nuts, seeds, fish, cheese, meat), butter, lard.
Mad carbons = Mad Energy
(aka – mad calories)
Objectives for Class:
Identify examples of foods that contain lipids
Identify two key functions of lipids
Describe the monomers and polymers of lipids

10. Proteins contain C, H, O, N and some S
Have thousands of different uses!
Proteins can be…
Enzymes (control chemical reactions)
Hormones (ex: insulin)
Transporters
in cell membranes
in blood cells (hemoglobin)
Body structures (hair, muscle, skin, bone)
Immune system (fight diseases)
Objectives for Class:
Identify examples of foods that contain proteins
Identify two key functions of proteins
Describe the monomers and polymers of proteins

11. How can there be so many Different Proteins?
Proteins are made of:
Amino acids (monomers)
There are 20 different amino acids (different R’s)
Thousands of A.A.’s connect in any possible order to form long chains 
this makes thousands of different possible proteins
Objectives for Class:
Identify examples of foods that contain proteins
Identify two key functions of proteins
Describe the monomers and polymers of proteins

12. What Foods Contain Proteins?
Most animal products such as
Meat & fish
Eggs
Milk, yogurt, cheese
Beans and nuts (especially when eaten in combination with complex carbs)
Objectives for Class:
Identify examples of foods that contain proteins
Identify two key functions of proteins
Describe the monomers and polymers of proteins