1. Enlargement and the ERA Infrastructures and Networks The CERN experience Luciano Maiani, CERN 28 June 2001

2. Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire European Laboratory for Particle Physics CERN Member States (2001) Distribution of CERN users, May 1, 2001 34 92 41 P, low energy Nuclear physics P, high energy P-P, very high energy Cold anti-P

3. 28/06/2001L. Maiani. Enlarging the ERA 3 Strongly based in universities 20 members, ~270 institutes, ~4600 users LHC is 2000 MEuro of high-tech orders over a decade - many placed by universities. Studentships, fellowships, etc. Annual throughput of ~400 engineers and ~500 physicists CERN’s network Large Hadron Collider :  a Global project with mostly (≈80%) Regional support  Community > 5000 physicists world-wide The CERN network in Europe …and in the World

4. 28/06/2001L. Maiani. Enlarging the ERA 4 Outline  Integration of Candidate Countries into the research community Helping Candidate Countries Research based on excellence Mobility of researchers  Infrastructure - beyond the EU candidate countries The win-win situation Making use of other Organisations Integration Access  Helping the enlargement process Computer networking Grids  EIROFORUM  Conclusions

5. 28/06/2001L. Maiani. Enlarging the ERA 5 qHelping candidate countries  CERN experience: CZ, H, PL, SK members since early 1990s- BG more recently; also long standing collaboration with Russia and other former URSS countries.  Treat all countries as far as possible on an equal footing  Try to minimise MS/NMS barriers, without upsetting your MS! (one country-one vote in Council, but qualified majority in Finance Committee)  Researchers in these countries (and their governments) have to take the decisions. We can only advise and help. Visiting the Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Dubna, in 1963. From left to right: CERN Director-General V. Weisskopf, Professor V. P. Dzhelepov, and Academician B. M. Pontecorvo, a colleague of the Italian scientist E. Fermi. 1.Integration of Candidate Countries into the research community

6. 28/06/2001L. Maiani. Enlarging the ERA 6 Research based on excellence  Excellence assessed by independent peer review  Research knows no borders  Have to integrate candidate countries into world- class research  These countries have a lot to offer  We are very happy with the results: a great addition of intellectual and material resources ! ! Barrel Yoke (CMS) from Czeck Republic Industrial Exibition: Poland @ CERN, 2000

7. 28/06/2001L. Maiani. Enlarging the ERA 7 Mobility  Getting the new researchers to the infrastructure  Getting the staff of the lab to the new nations  Schools The Joint CERN- Dubna School

8. 28/06/2001L. Maiani. Enlarging the ERA 8 2. Infrastructure - beyond the EU candidate countries The win-win situation  Excellent researchers are not limited to EU-15 countries, nor even to greater Europe  People often very well-educated and highly motivated  If we can find the right specialities, everyone can become a major winner  Raw materials, heavy engineering, assembly of one-off sub-detectors, software components, are all things that can be spread around imaginatively….. The LHC dipole n. 360 from Novosibirsk CMS feet from Pakistan LHC corrector magnet from India

9. 28/06/2001L. Maiani. Enlarging the ERA 9 Making use of other Organisations  Many good researchers live in countries with economies which are much less developed than those of the EU candidate countries  Even if not topic of this meeting, we should not forget them  CERN has good experience with ISTC and INTAS - thanks to EU (among others)  Also NATO and Soros play some important roles, especially for computer networking

10. 28/06/2001L. Maiani. Enlarging the ERA 10 Integration  We must be open to these countries, tear down any administrative barriers  Encourage them to send students  Run summer schools in new countries  Be willing to select their nationals for post-grad and post-doc positions  Look for funding for all of this  CERN candidate membership

11. 28/06/2001L. Maiani. Enlarging the ERA 11 Institutes participating to CMS Access  It may be tempting to make “ access to large facilities ” dependent on “membership”, but particle physicists has been able to follow a different approach  Experiments running on our facilities tend to be based on very large (50-2000 person) collaborations  This allows people from economically weaker countries to join with those from stronger regions  So we tend not to look at the passport of the people making proposals  But (in general) we expect people who have not funded the lab infrastructure to contribute more than their “fair share” to the cost of the experiment  But the contribution can take many forms, such as assembly effort, software, … Look for the “win-win”.

12. 28/06/2001L. Maiani. Enlarging the ERA 12 3. Helping the Enlargement Process qComputer networking as basic research infrastructure  You need up-to-date information to be a world-class researcher  Today you (mainly) get that info mainly through your terminal (plus phone, video-meetings, and conferences)  Surest way for candidate countries to lose their best brains is to give them poor connectivity  Triple requirement - Campus, National Network, International Connectivity  GEANT (get a map) is the EU production network  TERENA is the NREN association  Make sure that you support them both

13. 28/06/2001L. Maiani. Enlarging the ERA 13 System Users Intelligent Interface Middleware Cluster Operating System Supercomputing, High Throughput Computing Networking Mass Storage Next step beyond the Web is the Grid  To share computing resources - including processing power, data and information  CERN and EIROforum active here  DataGrid, hopefully also CrossGrid (heavy CERN candidate country representation) and DataTAG  Plus strong national efforts in several countries - USA has Globus, GriPhyN and PPDG, UK has GridPP and major e-Science efforts. Also F, I, NL, …. ( from Dr. John Taylor)

14. 28/06/2001L. Maiani. Enlarging the ERA 14 4. EIROforum  DGs of major European Intergovernmental Research Organisations, which are the focus of their own extensive networks of scientists  CERN (particle physics), EFDA (fusion), EMBL (molecular biology), ESA (space actvities), ESO (astronomy and astrophysics), ESRF (synchrotron radiation) and ILL (neutron source)  Aims ==> (next slide)  Present chair: Catherine Cezarksy / ESO  Annual rotation - will pass to CERN in July 2001  Next meeting - October 24

15. 28/06/2001L. Maiani. Enlarging the ERA 15 EIROforum aims  Encourage discussions among EIROforum members on issues of common interest  Maximise return and optimise resources by sharing developments and results  Coordinate outreach, including TT and public education  Collaborate, with other European scientific organisations, in taking a forward look at promising and/or developing research directions and priorities, in particular in relation to new large- scale research infrastructures  Simplify high-level interactions with the European Commission  Coordinate representation to the outside world (public, govts, non-European countries, ….)

16. 28/06/2001L. Maiani. Enlarging the ERA 16 5. Conclusions  Good integration of EU-candidate countries requires taking care of many details  EIROforum members have some experience in this field, and it has been encouraging  CERN experience shows that some imagination and flexibility pays off well for all parties

17. 28/06/2001L. Maiani. Enlarging the ERA 17 Some useful URLs  www.cern.ch  www.dante.org/geant  www.terena.nl  www.intas.be