1. Aggregate expenditure and Aggregate demand Aggregate expenditure line Real GDP demanded Changes in aggregate expenditure Simple spending multiplier Changes in the price level Aggregate demand curve

2. AE = C + I + G + (X – M) Aggregate expenditure line: A relationship tracing, for a given price level, planned spending at each level of income or real GDP

3. 45 0 Aggregate expenditure (trillions of dollars) Real GDP (trillions of dollars) 0 Income- expenditure line At every point on this line, planned spending is equal to real GDP—so unplanned investment is zero

4. Haley’s Hammers 2007 Investment Plans Planned spending for new plant and equipment......................$95,000 Planned inventory investment.................0 Actual inventory investment..............3,500 Actual investment.................... $98,500 Remember, that: Actual I = Planned I + Unplanned I

5. We normally cut back on production when we see our inventories piling up.

6. C+I+G+(X-M) 6 Deriving the real GDP demanded for a given price level e a d 13.014.015.00Real GDP (trillions of dollars) 13.0 13.2 14.0 14.8 15.0 Aggregate expenditure (trillions of dollars) 45° Real GDP demanded for a given price level is found where aggregate expenditure equals aggregate output – that is, where spending equals the amount produced, or real GDP. This occurs at point e, where the aggregate expenditure line intersects the 45-degree line. b c

7. When Real GDP = $14 trillion Planned spending of households, firms, government units, and foreigners is equal to real output; thus the plans of producing and spending units “match up.” Firms on average experience zero unplanned investment. Firms on average have nor reason to ‘scale up’ or ‘scale down’ production.

8. 8 Effect of an increase in investment on real GDP demanded C+I+G+(X-M) e g k 14.014.114.50 Real GDP (trillions of dollars) 14.0 14.5 14.1 Aggregate expenditure (trillions of dollars) 45° C+I’+G+(X-M) e’ 0.1 i j The economy is initially at point e, where spending=real GDP demanded = $14.0 trillion. A $0.1 trillion increase in investment shifts the AE line up vertically by $0.1 trillion. Real GDP increases until it equals spending at point e’. As a result of the $0.1 trillion increase in investment, real GDP demanded increases by $0.5 trillion, to $14.5 trillion. f h

9. 9 Tracking the rounds of spending following a $100 billion increase in investment (billions of dollars) Assume that MPC = 0.8 and MPS = 0.6 Round New spending this round Cumulative new spending New saving this round Cumulative new saving 1 2 3. 10. ∞ 100 80 64. 13.4. 0 100 180 244. 446.3. 500 - 20 16. 3.35. 0 - 20 36. 86.6. 100

10. Note that:

11. AD 11 The income-expenditure approach and the AD curve AE (P=130) 13.514.014.50 Real GDP (trillions of dollars) Aggregate expenditure (trillions of dollars) 45° e AE’ (P=140) AE” (P=120) e’’ e’ 13.514.014.50Real GDP (trillions of dollars) Price level 140 130 120 At the initial price level =130, the AE line identifies real GDP demanded of $14.0 trillion: point e on panel (b). At the higher price level of 140, the AE line shifts down to AE’, and real GDP demanded falls to $13.5 trillion: point e’ on panel (b). At the lower price level of 120, the AE line shifts up to AE’’, and real GDP demanded increases to $14.5 trillion: point e” on panel (b). (a) (b) Connecting e, e’, and e’’ yields the downward-sloping AD curve. e’’ e e’

12. A shift of AE line that shifts the AD curve AD C+I+G+(X-M) 14.014.50 Real GDP (trillions of dollars) Aggregate expenditure (trillions of dollars) 45° e C+I’+G+(X-M) e’ 14.014.50Real GDP (trillions of dollars) Price level 130 (a) (b) AD’ e’ A shift of the AE line at a given price level shifts the AD curve. In (a), an increase in investment of $0.1 trillion, with the price level constant at 130, causes the aggregate expenditure line to increase from C+I+G+(X-M) to C+I’+G+(X-M). As a result, real DGP demanded increases from $14.0 trillion to $14.5 trillion. In (b), the aggregate demand curve has shifted from AD to AD’. At the prevailing price level of 130, real GDP demanded has increased by $0.5 trilion. 0.1 e

13. 13 Effect of a shift of autonomous spending on real GDP demanded C+I+G+(X-M) 14.014.3330 Real GDP (trillions of dollars) Aggregate expenditure (trillions of dollars) 45° e C+I’+G+(X-M) e’ An increase in investment, other things constant, shifts the spending line up from C+I+G+(X-M) to C+I’+G+(X- M), increasing the quantity of real GDP demanded. $0.1