1. Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy PHCL 222 Nouf Aloudah, M.S Clinical Pharmacy Lecturer King Saud University naloudah@ksu.edu.sa noufa76@yahoo.com 1http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

2. Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy Specialization Occupations s vs. professions Pharmaceutical care as re professionalization Affirmation of the trend: the Milis Report Hepler raises the stakes with pharmaceutical care Making a decision about the entry level degree 2http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

3. Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy History reflected that societies have devised systems to provide solutions to peoples problems Similar job description (find food, prepare it, protect themselves, reproduce !) Specialization tasks become more (farmers, curing … 3http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

4. Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy In middle ages, people moved around, cities began to grow People no longer knew all of their neighborhoods Jobs becomes more specialized Variety of alliances and organizations began to develop 4http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

5. Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy 1800 restrictions adopted by governmental bodies Industrial revolution accelerated the change Rapid pace of scientific discoveries 5http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

6. Pharmaceutical Care Occupations Vs. Professions وظيفة أو مهنة؟ work activity that was a job? Lifelong devotion to an occupation, and the specialized knowledge and unique requirements of a profession? 6http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

7. Pharmaceutical Care Occupations Vs. Professions Characteristics of profession: 1.The service offered are closely linked to major human values 2.The service requires a degree of knowledge, skill, and understanding 3.The services are individualized in nature, cant readily standardized or mass produced 7http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

8. Pharmaceutical Care Occupations Vs. Professions Hepler concluded, pharmacy in 19 th century was a profession – Concerned with health – Special training – Highly individualized 8http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

9. Pharmaceutical Care Occupations Vs. Professions What about 20 th century? Amendments of the Federal Food, Drug And Cosmetic Acts – Millions of dollars in premarket testing – Advances in technology allowed mass production of ready to dispense dosage forms – Prescriptions become so standardized 9http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

10. Pharmaceutical Care Occupations Vs. Professions What about 20 th century? the only individualization was the patient’s name, and prescription number! “The complexity of most pharmaceutical services was reduced in the public mind, and often in reality, to the infamous sequence of counting, pouring, licking, and sticking” 10http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

11. Pharmaceutical Care Occupations Vs. Professions What about 20 th century? Lost any valid status as a profession! 11http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

12. Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy Valuable opportunity was provided by industrialization of pharmaceutical industry Explosion of knowledge of chemicals (drug discovery, pathophysiology of many diseases Table 3.1 Pharmacy & world Events, 1951- present 12http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

13. Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy 1900 time of biology ( 1953 DNA as genetic material) Powerful new drugs were identified or created Astute pharmacists Brodie, Francke, Parker, begin to conceptualize a new role for pharmacists that would involved the specialized provision of information 13http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

14. Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy Hepler identified basis for the clinical pharmacy movement 1.Drug information 2.Drug distribution (decentralized) 3.Teaching and research programs in pharmacology and biopharmaceutics 14http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

15. Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy Ninth Floor Project, 1966 To develop a hospital floor based pharmaceutical services that would provide maximal patient safety in the utilization of drugs 15http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

16. Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy Ninth Floor Project, 1966 To charge the pharmacist with the responsibility for all phases of drug distribution, except the administration of medication to the patient 16http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

17. Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy Ninth Floor Project, 1966 To provide an unbiased and easily available source of reliable drug information To provide clinical experience for interns and residents To design and conduct studies in cooperation with the physician and nurse 17http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

18. Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy Publication of drug intelligence and clinical pharmacy 1967 Two pharmacy therapeutics textbooks came out of San Francisco 1972 1974 federal government required the pharmacist to conduct monthly drug regimen reviews 18http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

19. Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy Profession? – Involved in the healthcare of patients – Required specialized knowledge – Individualized 19http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

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21. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend 1975 American association of colleges of pharmacy 12 member group headed by Dr John Millis 161 page report “ Pharmacists For The Future: The Report Of The Study Commission On Pharmacy” 21http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

22. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend Millis Report 14 recommendations 22http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

23. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend 23http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

24. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend 24http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

25. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend 25http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

26. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend 26http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

27. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend 27http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

28. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend 28http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

29. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend 29http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

30. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend 30http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

31. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend 31http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

32. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend 32http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

33. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend 33http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

34. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend 34http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

35. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend 35http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

36. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend 36http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

37. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend Changes – Acceleration of development of clinical sites for pharmacy schools faculty – Development of national examination for licensure of pharmacists – Increased movement toward making pharmacy a knowledge based clinical profession 37http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

38. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend Changes – Creation of a small no of clinical scientists programs in schools of pharmacy – Creation of a board of pharmaceutical specialties within AphA to recognize specialty practice 38http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

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40. Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend Didn’t give a blueprint for the future! 40http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

41. Pharmaceutical Care Hepler raises the stakes Movement continued in 1980 Two new journals were published – pharmacotherapy 1981 – Clinical pharmacy 1982 Third textbook pharmacotherapy 1989 BCPS 41http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

42. Pharmaceutical Care Hepler raises the stakes 1985 “Hilton head conference”, Helper Pharmacist had to do more than just try to control the use of drugs Take responsibility for the care provided to pt through the clinical use of drugs 1987 term pharmaceutical care,self actualizing roles for pharmacist 42http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

43. Pharmaceutical Care 43http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

44. Pharmaceutical Care 44http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

45. Pharmaceutical Care 45http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

46. Pharmaceutical Care 46http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

47. Pharmaceutical Care 1990 congress passed a low that pharmacists must offer counsel to ambulatory Medicaid patient about these medication 47http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

48. Pharmaceutical Care Making A Decision About The Entry Level Degree 48http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

49. Pharmaceutical Care 40 years! 1990 settled on Pharm D 1989 ACPE, BS pharmacy degree would be eliminated by 2000 1992 all major pharmacy practitioner organizations had endorsed a “new Pharm D.” as the entry level degree 2002 house of delegates of the American Associations of colleges of pharmacy supported the Pharm D as pharmacy’s entry level degree 49http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

50. Pharmaceutical Care ACPE 1997 Pharm D programs as entry level of the 21 century Fall 2001 – 83 pharmacy schools were offering the pharm D degree – 32907 – 2978 50http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

51. Pharmaceutical Care Pharmacy: the future belongs to you Drug therapy experts! ?! 51http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

52. Thank you Reference Chapter 3 pharmaceutical care: the reprofessionalization of pharmacy Pharmacy an introduction to the profession http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah52