1. Supplying Power for Implantable Biosensors
Introduction to Biosensors
16.441,
Group Members:
Sujith Kana
Jesse Vengren

2. Abstract Powering implantable biosensors is difficult.
Do not what to limit the subjects movement or impede them in anyway.
Want the power supply to last
Do not to want to constantly replacing them
Want it to be minimally invasive
Miniaturization is critical

3. Background
Biosensors thou are fad in the current decade, they have been there since early 1970’s.
Powering up the biosensor was a challenge even in 1970’s
Earliest application was pace maker
Mercury-Zinc was powering the pacemaker
Nuclear fueled cells considered as an option!

4. Energy Harvesting Gathering energy from environment the device is in
Many different energy harvesting techniques: wind, solar, kinetic, thermal
Not every one is appropriate for implantable biosensors

5. Kinetic Energy Using the motion of the body to generate power.
Three types: Electromagnetic, Electrostatic, and Piezoelectric
Electromagnetic
Uses the change in magnetic flux to create power
Generated by moving a coil through a magnetic field
Same Method used in watches

6. Kinetic Energy Continued…
Electrostatic
Uses variable capacitors
Changes in the distance between the plates to change either current or voltage
Piezoelectric
By deforming piezoelectric material you can generate a voltage
Easy to create mechanical deformation

7. Issues with Kinetic Energy
Moving parts wear out
Electrostatic requires preexisting Charge
For Piezoelectric need to be able to cause mechanical deformation

8. Thermal Energy Uses temperature difference to create voltage
Seebeck Effect: Voltage is generated due to a difference in temperature between two junctions of dissimilar metals
Many thermocouples in series to create thermopile

9. Issues with Thermal Energy
Small change in temperature
A single thermocouple does not generate much energy
Size becomes and issue.

10. Acoustic Power Application of piezoelectric kinetic energy
Power by acoustic waves
Waves generated outside the body transmit power to implanted device
Antenna similar to speaker cone receives acoustic wave and deforms piezoelectric material

11. Fuel Cell Sir William Grove found it in 1839
On chip power for microelectronics
Traditional Fuel cells vs Biological Fuel Cells
Powered by Sacccharomyces Cerevisiae

12. Fuel Cell Continued…

13. Issues of Biological fuel cells
Micro watts of power generation
Performance over time
Environmental conditions
Electrochemical contact of the micro- organism
Cost

14. RF Power Amplifier Inductive Coupling Rectifier DC Regulator
Figure 1: Simplified RF Powering System (ref 1)

15. RF Power continued…

16. Issues of RF power Changes in coupling coefficient Confined to lab
Heating of tissues
Dependence on patient compliance
Possible RF interference

17. Work Cited
Victor Parsonnet, M.D. “Power Sources for Implantable Cardiac
Pacemakers*” Chest American College of Chest Physicians 1972
Nattapon Chaimanonart, Keith R. Olszens, Mark D. Zimmerman, Wen H. Ko, and Darrin J. Young, “ Implantable RF Power Converter for Small Animal In Vivo Biological Monitoring” Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference Shanghai, China, September 1-4, 2005
Chaimanonart, W. H. Ko, D. J. Young, “Remote RF Powering System for MEMS Strain Sensors,” Technical Digest of The Third IEEE International Conference on Sensors, pp –1525, October 2004
Bhatia D, Bairagi S, Goel S, Jangra M. Pacemakers charging using body energy. J Pharm Bioall Sci 2010;2:51-4
Charles W. Walker, Jr. and Alyssa L. Walker, “Biological Fuel Cell Functional as an Active or Reserve Power Source” , ARL-TR Army Research Lab
Jonathan Lueke and Walied A. Moussa, “MEMS-Based Power Generation Techniques for Implantable Biosensing Applications ” Sensors 2011, 11, ;
Kerzenmacher, S.; Ducree, J.; Zengerle, R.; von Stetten, F. Energy Harvesting by Implantable Abiotically Catalyzed Glucose Fuel Cells. J. Power Source. 2008, 182, 1-17.
Rao, J.R. Boelectrochemistry. I. Biological Redox Reactions; Milazzo, G., Black, M., Eds.; Plenum Press: New York, NY, USA, 1983; pp
Mano, N.; Mao, F.; Heller, A. Characteristics of a Miniature Compartment-less Glucose-O2 Biofuel Cell and Its Operation in a Living Plant. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125,
Kuhn, M.; Napporn, T.; Meunier, M.; Therriault, D.; Vengallatore, S. Fabrication and Testing of Coplanar Single-Chamber Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Geometrically Complex Electrodes. J. Power Source. 2008, 177,
Olivo, Jacopo, Sandro Carrara, and Giovanni De Micheli. "Energy Harvesting and Remote Powering for Implantable Biosensors - Infoscience." Home - Infoscience. Web. 04 March
Shih, Po-Jen, and Wen-Pin Shih. "Design, Fabrication, and Application of Bio-Implantable Acoustic Power Transmission." IEEEXplore. Web. 4 Mar
Walker, Charles W., and Alyssa L. Walker. "Biological Fuel Cell Functional as an Active or Reserve Power Source." Web. 4 Mar <
N. G. Elvin, A. A. Elvin, and M. Spector, “A self-powered mechanical strain energy sensor,” Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 293–299, Apr
M. Umeda, K. Nakamura, and S. Ueha, “Energy storage characteristics of a piezo generator using impact induced vibration,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 36, pt. 1, no. 5B, pp. 3146–3151, May 1997.
Beeby, S. P., Torah Tudor, and M.J. Tudor. "Kinetic Energy Harvesting." Yahoo! Search - Web Search. Web. 04 Apr <