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Disease and Disease-Producing Organisms
Chapter 5
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Objectives Define disease and list seven categories of disease
List 7 predisposing causes of disease Define terminology used in describing and treating disease Define complementary and alternative medicine and give examples Explain methods by which microorganisms can be transmitted List 4 types of organisms studied in microbiology and give characteristics List some diseases caused by each type Define normal flora and explain the value Describe the 3 types of bacteria by shape List several diseases in humans caused by worms Give some reasons for the emergence and spread of microorganisms Describe several public health measures Differentiate between sterilization, disinfection and antisepsis Describe techniques included as part of body substance precautions List some antimicrobial agents and how they work Describe several methods used to identify microorganisms in the lab
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What is disease? CATEGORIES - Infection - Degenerative - Nutritional
- It is an illness, an abnormal state in which part or all of the body does not function properly CATEGORIES - Infection - Degenerative - Nutritional - Metabolic - Immune - Neoplasms - Psychiatric
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Predisposing Causes of Disease
Age Gender Heredity Living conditions and habits Emotional disturbance Physical and Chemical damage Preexisting Illness REMEMBER : A predisposing cause may not actually cause the disease, but increases the probability of a person becoming ill.
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The Study of Disease
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Definitions Pathophysiology Etiology Acute Chronic Subacute Idiopathic
Iatrogenic Epidemiology Incidence Prevalence Mortality Epidemic Endemic Pandemic
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Treatment and Prevention of Disease
Diagnosis – determination of the nature of the illness Need to know symptom, sign, syndrome, prognosis, therapy and prevention CAM is defined as methods of disease prevention and treatment used along with traditional medicine (Examples include: chiropractic, acupuncture, biofeedback)
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Infectious Disease Microorganisms are the predominant cause of disease in the human body. Parasite – organism that lives on or within a host at host’s expense
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Pathogens Pathogens are disease causing organism
and infection is an invasion of pathogens that have adverse effects (An infection can be local or systemic.) Opportunistic infection Communicable infection
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Modes of Transmission Disease can be spread directly or indirectly.
Portals of entry : skin, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems
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Microbiology The study of microorganisms
*** Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa
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Bacteria Can grow with or without oxygen
Single-cell organism whose genetic material is not enclosed in a membrane. (No true nucleus) Can grow with or without oxygen Resistant forms are called endospores Flagella Pili
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Bacteria cont. Shape and Arrangement : Cocci, Bacilli, Curved rods
Others : Rickettsia and Chlamydia Diseases caused by bacteria : Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Syphilis, Lyme disease, Typhus
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Viruses Not susceptible to antibiotics.
Obligate parasite that can only reproduce in living cells. Contain genetic material. Not susceptible to antibiotics. Classified according to the type of nucleic acid they contain (DNA or RNA) and the type of disease they cause. Named according to where they were isolated, the symptoms they cause, the host, or the vector that carries them.
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Viruses cont. Prions and Viroids Much smaller than bacteria
Diseases caused by viruses : Measles, Influenza, Chickenpox, Common Cold
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Fungi 2 types : Yeasts and Molds Yeast – single cell
Simple plant-like organism. 2 types : Yeasts and Molds Yeast – single cell Mold – filamentous Diseases caused by fungi : Ringworm, Thrush, Pneumonia
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Protozoa Amebas Ciliates Flagellates Sporozoa
Single-cell, animal-like microbes Amebas Ciliates Flagellates Sporozoa What you will see: Giardia (Flagellate)
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Parasitic Worms Roundworms (ascaris,pinworms, hookworms)
They are parasites with human hosts Roundworms (ascaris,pinworms, hookworms) Flatworms (tapeworms, flukes) Infection by worms is called infestation.
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Aseptic Methods : sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis
Microbial Control Infectious disease increasing due to various factors. Increased population & travel, disruption of animal habitats, changes in food handling Microbes and Public Health : sewage and garbage, water purification, prevention of food contamination, milk pasteurization Aseptic Methods : sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis
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Infection Control HANDWASHING. HANDWASHING. HANDWASHING…….
Universal techniques, sharps safety, specific “precautions” OSHA Antimicrobial Agents : antibiotics, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic
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ANTIBIOTICS/MRSA Antibiotic is used to kill bacteria. Derived from fungi and soil bacteria. Usage can be harmful Antibiotic-resistance
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Lab Identification of Pathogens
Blood, Spinal Fluid, Feces, Urine, and Sputum most frequently studied. Bacterial Isolations and Tests Staining Techniques Other techniques
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Freebie… What will you see clinically : - Know antibiotics - MRSA
- Infection Control
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