1. Jess Hesley, Tyler Jack, Christina Leid University of Idaho Limnology Service Learning Project December 7 th, 2011

2. Outline  Background  Methods Sampling Analysis  Results  Recommendations

3. The OX Ranch near Council, ID Photo Credit: Frank Wilhelm

4. Sampling Methods: Macrophytes Site Selection Collection

5. Sampling Methods: Sediment Site Selection Collection

6. Analysis Methods: Macrophytes Preparation Drying

7. Analysis Methods: Sediment Preparation Drying

8. Results Macrophytes  Species ID  Biomass Sediment  Water Content  Deposition

9. Vegetative Culprits Ceratophyllum demersum Coontail Ceratophyllum echinatum Spiny Hornwort Myriophyllum spp. Milfoil

10. Biomass Determination

11. Water Contents

12. Sediment Deposition Pond Wide Total: ~787 m 3 Annual: ~44 m 3 By Polygon A: 107 m 3 B: 462 m 3 C: 215 m 3 Photo Credit: Frank Wilhelm

13. Deposition by Polygon

14. Review of Concerns Macrophytes Biomass Invasive nature Sediment Deposition Altering pond structure

15. Recommendations Control MethodUse at OX Ranch Extended DrawdownRecommended to allow for dredging. DredgeRecommended down to a depth of 3 m in center of pond, removing 5 400 m ³ of sediment and 4 600 kg of dried macrophytes. Benthic BarriersRecommended in areas with significant re-growth. Application of 190 m ² of 8 mm perforated black plastic covered with 10 y³ of pea sized gravel.04 m thick. Hand PullingRecommended in select areas.

16. Determining factors for - Dredging Positive Impacts:  Reduction of suitable habitat for rooted macrophytes.  Removal of nutrients stored in the plant structures.  Swimming and fishing will be greatly improved for 2013 summer season. Negative Impacts:  Fragmentation and threat of re-colonization.

17. Determining factors for – Drawdown, Benthic Barriers, and Hand-pulling Positive Impacts: Drawdown mitigates fragmentation re-colonization. Placement of benthic barriers proven to reduce growth of macrophytes. Negative Impacts: May require fish capture and transport to avoid fish kill. Requires restocking of fish.

18. Determining factors against – Herbicides and Shading Herbicides Do not address the cause or source of the problem. Short lived and may require re-application. The long term impact of herbicides on humans, non- targeted plants, and animals is relatively unknown. Shading While non-toxic it will impact aesthetics and all species within the pond.

19.  Dark blue – area dredged to a depth of 3 m.  White – area recommended for the placement of benthic barriers.  Yellow – area of intensive use recommended for potential hand- pulling treatment.  Red – Installation of docks for fishing accessibility.

20. Other Considerations Impacts of nutrient addition from adjacent fields of agricultural use. Installation of additional docks to provide improved fishing access.

21. Estimated Expenses DateActionCost Labor ? mid OctoberEquipment Rental$1000 – $2000 / day for 5 days mid OctoberGravel Purchase$900 mid OctoberPlastic Purchase$80 mid JuneDock Purchase$1000 each mid JuneFish Stocking$300 Total$13 280 + labor

22. Timeline YearTreatment TypeSchedule 2012Extended drawdownmid June 2012Dredgingmid October 2012Installation of benthic barrierslate October 2013Re-filling of pondSpring run-off 2013Re-stocking of fishJune 2013+Hand-pullingAs needed

23. Conclusion Sediment accumulation is the ‘root’ of the macrophyte growth problem. Mitigate macrophyte growth through:  Drawdown  Dredging  Benthic Barriers  Hand-pulling Photo credit: www.crappielake.com

24. References Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. (2011). University of Florida IFAS Extension. Retrieved from http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/ Fewless, G. Invasive Plants of Wisconson. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/invasive_species/myrspi01.htm Krebs, C. J. (1998). Ecological methodology. (2 nd ed.). Menlo Park,CA:Benjamin/Cummings. Maine's interactive field guide to aquatic invaders and their native look alikes. (2009). Retrieved from http://mainvolunteerlakemonitors.org/ mciap/ herbarium/Hornworts.php Susan, B. (1998). Through the looking glass: A field guide to aquatic plants. Madison, WI: University of Wisconson Press. TroutLodge (2011). Troutlodge price list. Received via personal contact with TroutLodge. www.troutlodge.com

25. SpeciesSizeNo./ac. Alt (1) Trout5-10 cm.100-175 Alt (2) Trout12-15 cm.90-150 Alt (3) Trout22-25 cm.80-130 Cold Water Pond Stocking Recommendations Guide illustrating stocking recommendations that have been successfully applied in the United States. Other combinations and rates may be used, depending upon the owner’s objectives and site suitability.

26. Organic Content