1. 1 Nematode Management in Corn and Soybean Jason Bond, Plant Pathologist Southern Illinois University jbond@siu.edu 618-453-4309

2. Nematodes as Pathogens Nematodes in corn production Why the interest now? Potential impact of nematodes Management options

3. Soilborne Diseases of Soybean Foliar Diseases of Corn and Soybean Nematodes in Corn and Soybean

4. Nematodes as Pathogens 10% of all nematodes are parasites of plants. Many species attack corn and soybean. Generally, the nematode and symptoms are not seen. Host resistance is the exception. Nemapix

5. ANIMALIA Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry “ROUNDWORMS” “FLATWORMS” Coelomata Acoelomata Pseudocoelomata NEMATODA PLATYHELMINTHES Arthropoda Mollusca ANNELIDA Higher Animals (Vertebrates) Hydras, Jellyfish Sea urchins What is a Nematode Courtesy of EC McGawley, LSU

6. 50% 10% 15% 25% Plant Animal Free-Living Marine PHYLUM: NEMATODA Courtesy of EC McGawley, LSU

8. Non-Plant Parasites Courtesy of EC McGawley, LSU

9. ENDOPARASITES ECTOPARASITES Lesion Nematode Dagger Nematode Root-Knot Nematode PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES Images courtesy of Nemapix Needle Nematode

10. Images courtesy of Nemapix How Nematodes Feed

11. Nematodes in Corn Common Name Sting nematode Needle nematode Stubby rt. nematode Lance nematode Root-lesion nematode Dagger nematode Root-knot nematode Stunt nematode Spiral nematode Ring nematode Scientific Name Belonolaimus spp. Longidorus spp. Paratrichodorus spp. Hoplolaimus spp. Pratylenchus spp. Xiphinema spp. Meloidogyne spp. Tylenchorhynchus spp. Helicotylenchus spp. Mesocriconema spp. Most of these nematodes are ubiquitous in the U.S.

12. Nematodes in Corn Common Name Sting nematode Needle nematode Stubby rt. nematode ------ Lance nematode Root-lesion nematode Dagger nematode Root-knot nematode Stunt nematode Spiral nematode Ring nematode Damage Thresholds (½ cup soil) 1 to 6 = moderate damage 25+ = severe damage 50+ = severe damage 150+ = moderate damage = Weak pathogens

13. Soil Type = Greater Risk Sandy Soil Sting nematode Needle nematode Stubby rt. nematode Ring nematode Lance nematode Root-knot nematode Stunt nematode Spiral nematode Dagger nematode Root-lesion nematode “Traditional Soil” Stunt nematode Lance nematode Root-lesion nematode Dagger nematode Spiral nematode

14. Corn “Stunters” - found in sandy fields, yield loss can be devastating - Needle, Sting, Dagger and Stubby Root Nematodes “Debilitators” - found in traditional soil types, yield loss is often mild to moderate - Lesion, Stunt, Spiral and Lance Nematodes Nematode Pathogens

15. Images courtesy of Nemapix

16. Counter 20 CR No Counter Impact of corn nematodes - 2004

17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Avg. Nematodes/100 cc soil No Counter165 a Counter 43 b Counter No Counter

18. Nematode Population Densities SampleDaggerLesionSpiralStingTotalImportant Nemas 1 Non-treated156832857549221 2 Non-treated82331231239116 3 Non-treated66255766214157 4 Treated 168114113925 5 Treated 41162541032167 6 Treated 2111206424236 Nematodes/ 100 cc soil

19. Sting nematode was present ~ 30 acres Counter 163 bu/acre Non-treated 130 bu/acre 100 acres most without sting Counter 166 bu/acre Non-treated 162 bu/acre

20. Carmi, SE Illinois 2005 130+ Sting nematodes/100 cc soil (Damage threshold is 1-5 /100 cc soil)

22. Carmi, SE Illinois 2008 Moderate – 7 needle nemas/100 cc soil

23. Carmi, SE Illinois 2008 Severe – 50 needle nemas/100 cc soil

27. NeedleDagger 33142

29. Where have The nematodes been? They are “natives” with only a few exceptions Insect management via host resistance = less soil applied insecticides = happier nematodes Reduced tillage – several species prefer to live in soil that is not disturbed Less diverse rotations – corn followed by corn is preferred by most of these nematodes –Rotational crops soybean, cotton, alfalfa, vegetables, etc. are hosts to most of these nematodes.

30. Consistency? Active ingredient and/or formulation Amount/distribution of the pathogen Virulence of the pathogen Environment/weather Soil characteristics Host genetics Cultural practices etc.

31. Needle and Dagger Nematodes - Irrigated field - Carmi, IL 2009 4.5 oz / 1000’ b a ab Soil Applied 6 oz / 1000’ 6 rep trial

32. Seed Treatments b a b Bayer Seed Treatments Needle and Dagger Nematodes - Irrigated field in Carmi, IL 2008 6 rep trial

33. Seed Treatments Bayer Seed Treatments Needle and Dagger Nematodes - Carmi - 2009 6 rep trial Standard = Vortex, Allegiance, Poncho

34. Seed Treatments Bayer Seed Treatments Lesion, lance, spiral and stunt nematodes - Shawneetown - 2009 6 rep trial Standard = Vortex, Allegiance, Poncho

35. Carmi, IL 2009170.7 bu/A 168.2 bu/A 190.2 bu/A Seed Treatments Non-treated Fungicide/Insecticide Fungicide/Insecticide/AVI CTA 6 rep trial

36. Seed Treatments Syngenta Seed Treatments Needle and Dagger Nematodes - Irrigated field in Carmi, IL 2009 6 rep trial Standard = Maxim, Apron, Dynasty, Cruiser

37. Maxim, Apron XL, Dynasty, Cruiser Maxim, Apron XL, Dynasty, Cruiser + AVICTA

38. General Info Obvious symptoms are not common! Yield losses vary depending on nematode population densities, species present, etc. Corn is at greatest risk in seedling stage  High moisture in April-June, cool soils, poor growing conditions = perfect storm for corn damage Some species are active only from early to mid- season.

39. When to Sample? Lesion, Root knot, Lance, Stubby Rt. Sting, Needle, Dagger JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec Crop in Ground Damage Detection, Diagnosis Damage Combined with yield maps, sampling can help diagnose problem areas Provides a background on types and density Note: Corn nematode ID is much more time and resource consuming than for soybean cyst nematode. Detection, Diagnosis Damage

40. Soybean Soybean cyst nematode - 90% of varieties are resistant, virulence management issues Root knot nematode - 7% of varieties are resistant Nematode Pathogens

41. Nematode Resistance in Soybean All resistant varieties allow juveniles to invade the roots. Resistance is expressed later during the feeding, development and/or reproduction of the females. Juveniles cause damage on entry and with movement in the roots. Entry causes portals for pathogens that cause diseases like SDS, BSR, etc.

42. 20022009 SCN Population: SCN HG Type 0, (Race 3), ~550 SCN-resistant varieties, each year Status of Resistance in SCN-Resistant Varieties J. Bond, 2009 - www.vipsoybeans.org www.vipsoybeans.org

43. 2009 SCN Population: SCN HG Type 2, 550 SCN-resistant varieties Status of Resistance in SCN-Resistant Varieties J. Bond, 2009 - www.vipsoybeans.org www.vipsoybeans.org

44. Bayer SCN Research Soybean yield (bu/A) Control Exp6 VOTiVO VOTiVO+ Gaucho Control+ Gaucho Fungicide Carmi, IL 2008

45. Seed Treatments soybean Seed Treatments Bayer nematicide seed treatments - Carmi - 2009 6 rep trial

46. Summary Nematode problems in corn and soybean are going to get worse in the near term. A “frequent” (once every 4-6 years) sampling plan is required to manage nematodes. Sampling and detection issues –Handling, time consuming to process and identify, more expensive ($25+), experienced technicians required, etc. Nematode diagnosis – Quality 3

47. Diagnostic Labs Southern Illinois University Plant, Soil, and Ag. Sys. 1205 Lincoln Dr., Ag. 176 Carbondale, IL 62901 618-453-4309 Jason Bond jbond@siu.edu Purdue University Entomology 901 W. State Street West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089 765-494-5901 Jamal Faghihi jamal@purdue.edu University of Illinois Crop Sciences AW101 Turner Hall 1102 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801 217-265-5405 Terry Niblack tniblack@illinois.edu

48. Any Questions? Jason P. Bond jbond@siu.edu 618-453-4309