1. Microbiology
Chapters 20,21,22

2. Microorganisms Prokaryotes Bacteria Eukaryotes Protists Fungus Viruses
Nonliving or Living?

3. Viruses Living because they reproduce Nonliving because… Sizes:
This is what we consider them to be in this class!
Living because they reproduce
Nonliving because…
Require a host aka Parasitic
Replicate instead of reproduce
Sizes:
Smaller than monerans (Bacteria)
Almost all organisms have one virus that infects them.
They are “host-specific” meaning that they will usually only infect 1 organism.

4. Viral Parts Capsid: outer protein coat Genetic Material: DNA or RNA
Envelope: Protective layer around the capsid.
NOT ALL VIRUSES HAVE THESE
Comes from the host cell membrane

5. Viral Shapes
Spiral, polygons, rods, bullet, needle
Bacteriophage

6. Types of Viruses
Bacteriophages
Infect Bacteria only

7. Types of Viruses DNA Viruses Has DNA as Genetic Material
Double-stranded DNA virus:
Chicken pox (Varicella zoster)
Single-stranded DNA virus:
Canine Parvovirus

8. DNA Viruses Herpes Virus in a host cell Adenovirus: causes some colds
Human Papilloma virus: causes warts

9. Has RNA as Genetic Material
RNA viruses
Rhinovirus: Common Cold
Has RNA as Genetic Material
Paramyxovirus: Measles and Mumps (in a host cell)
Rabies virus

10. Types of Viruses Retroviruses- RNA as genetic material.
To replicate, they convert RNA to DNA and then use host to make more RNA.
HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)

11. Characteristics of Bacteria (Monerans)
All are prokaryotic
All have a cell wall
All have DNA as genetic material
All have ribosomes, and no other organelles
All are unicellular
Most are heterotrophic (not all!), some are chemo or photo-autotrophic

12. Shapes
Coccus: Round bacteria
Example: Staphylococcus sp.

13. Shapes
Bacillus: rod bacteria
Example: Bacillus anthracis

14. Shapes
Spirochetes: spiral bacteria
Example: Treponema pallidum

15. Fungus Characteristics
Eukaryotes
Heterotrophic decomposers
Saprophytes, parasites, predators, mutualistic
Non-motile

17. Cell walls of chitin
Most have hyphae that into tangled masses called mycelium
Growth occurs rapidly at tips

19. General Characteristics of Protists
Have a nucleus
Are grouped based on the method of locomotion
Cilia
Flagella
Pseudopods
Non-motile

20. 3 Groups
Protozoans
animals
Algae
plants
Molds
fungus

21. Microorganism benefits
Viral
Cystic fibrosis treatment
Tulip colors
Treat bacterial diseases ***
Genetic engineering ***
Bacteria
Fix nitrogen
Decomposer
Food production
Sewage treatment
Antibiotics
Genetic engineering
Fungus
Mutualism
Fermentation
Protists
Producers in water
Oxygen production

22. Microorganism disadvantages
Viral
Disease
Cancer
Bacteria
Spoilage
Fungus
Protists
Algal blooms

23. What do microorganisms need?
Each species has an OPTIMUM
Temperature pH
Air
Osmotic Pressure
Water
Nutrients

24. How can we prevent them from getting these requirements?
Heat
Change pH
Add salt or sugar
Remove oxygen (canning)
Remove water by Dehydrating foods

25. How do we spread diseases and how do we stop them?
Five methods for spreading disease.
AIR
FOOD
WATER
PERSON to PERSON
VECTORS- insects

26. How does an infection makes us sick?
What they do: Grow and Reproduce
Destroys cells
Release toxins
Block passages
What we do:
Crummy Article

27. Germ Theory of Disease 1857 Louis Pasteur
Eliminates theory of spontaneous generation
Saves the wine Industry in France
Proposes that there is a relationship between a microorganism (pathogen) and a disease
Develops
Pasteurization
Vaccines for anthrax and rabbies

28. Koch’s Postulates 1876 Find suspect organism
Isolate suspect and grow in pure culture
Inject pure culture into healthy subject and get the same disease symptoms
Re-isolate the same suspect organism and grow it in pure culture

29. Vaccines:
Treatment for viruses
Taken as a preventative method
Cannot help you once you have the disease
Viruses can become resistant to these, but it is not usually a fast process
Human production
Antibiotics:
Treatment for bacterial infections
Taken once you have the disease
Cannot be used as a preventative
Bacteria can easily become resistant to these
Bacteria and some fungi produce these

30. Vaccines Involves your immune system being stimulated
Dead or weakened antigen (foreign particle)
Engulfing cells and antibody producing cells destroy the antigen
Memory cells prepare for another infection
Response to virus is faster and stronger the second time
Adds to the health of the community

31. Antibiotics Work ONLY on bacteria
Bacteria are prokaryotic, we are eukaryotic
Bacteria have a cell wall, we do not.
These help, but our immune system still has to “clean-up”
Examples:
Penicillin – stops cell wall formation
Tetracycline – stops protein synthesis
Ciprofloxacin – stops DNA replication

32. Proper use of antibiotics Prevents Resistance
Only taking them for bacterial infections
Taking pills on time
Taking all your prescription

33. Time in Days Concentration Concentration of antibiotic -
Effective concentration of antibiotic ---
Concentration of bacteria ……
Concentration of Bacteria at which you feel better =====
Concentration
Shot of Penicillin-Pill taking intervals – missed interval
Time in Days

34. Antibiotic Resistance
Development of Resistance
Alter the antibiotic
Alter the target or structure
Pump out the antibiotic
Developing new anti-resistance antibiotics
Target the mechanism that confers resistance
Stop alteration of antibiotic
Stop alteration of target
Stop the molecular pumping mechanism

36. Stop the Spread of antibiotic resistance
Do not demand antibiotics
Take them exactly as prescribed
Wash fruits and vegetables(no such thing) thoroughly; avoid raw eggs and undercooked meat, especially in ground form
Use soaps and other products with antibacterial chemicals only when protecting a sick person whose defenses are weakened

37. The BIG picture Diet Rest Exercise both aerobic and resistance
Personal Cleanliness e.g. wash your hands
Proper Preparation and storage of food
It Must Have Been Something You Ate
Environmental Cleanliness pollution, filth
Annual Physical

38. Big Picture cont… Report symptoms promptly to a responsible person
Follow physicians instructions
antibiotics
Vaccinations: Vital
The Vaccine Conundrum