1. 2. Describe how the design of US cities was influenced by the historical development of human settlements such as Mojenho Daro (A), Miletus (B), and Santa Fe (C). (A)(B)(C) 1. At left is pictured a part of Rome. Describe the Roman’s contribution to “city building“.

2. 3. Shown here is the city of Karlsruhe. What type of city plan is embodied by settlements such as Karlsruhe? What major American city is heavily influenced by this design? 4. (a) Explain why we begin to see a significant shift from a predominately rural to an increasingly urban population in the US beginning in the early 1800s. What models of urban organization would describe (b) rural settlements prior to 1800 and (c) the new or reorganized towns and cities of the mid- to late 1800s? Describe / explain what changed about how our communities were laid out.

3. 5. Describe what is shown here, from Garreau’s study of Tyson’s Corner, VA. How have urban geographers modified Garreau’s contributions to explain the differences between “city-like” suburbs like Tysons Corner or Columbia (MD) Compared to similar urbanized areas outside the central city herein MA, such as Quincy, Newton, or Waltham?

4. 6. On the next page is a diagram that overlays the basic shape and areal extent of the evolution of the US “city” from the mid -1800s to today. Show on the diagram the major changes that have taken place over this time period, and in an essay, explain these changes. You should include in your discussion issues of transportation, social/ cultural /economic impacts on the central city and the outlying areas, the meaning or perception of “city”, and the changing extent and density of population in our urban space. ( Note: Use the graphs to also show the change in population density, but be sure to explain what you are showing on these graphs.)

5. 1830 1910 1990 LO DENSITY HI CBD CITY BOUNDARY LO DENSITY HI CBD CITY BOUNDARY LO DENSITY HI CBD CITY BOUNDARY 1830 1910 1990

6. Next week… 1)We will discuss Chapters 9 and 10 together… have questions ready for both chapters! 2)We will start off the discussion using your questions for the chapters, and look for the connections between urban housing issues and segregation/poverty…

7. Urban Segregation in the US: 2010 Census Data “We may think of segregation as a matter of ancient Southern history: lunch counter sit-ins, bus boycotts and Ku Klux Klan terrorism. But as the census numbers remind us, Northern cities have long had higher rates of segregation than in the South…” From: Salon; Daniel Denvir, Tuesday, Mar 29, 2011 http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/03/29/most_segregated_cities

8. c. 1970; Smithfield, NC

19. These maps are created using an Index of Dissimilarity, sometimes also known as the Segregation Index (variations of the same methodology). In its simplest form, the segregation index is calculated as: x i is the number of a population group in a part of a larger area, for example, in a census tract in a city, and y i is the population of the comparison group… X and Y are the total population of each group in the entire city The absolute value of these calculations is used, because we want to know the difference is location, and in any one area, one group may be larger than the other. This allows the comparison of each group to each other across all census tracts in the city, but because we are adding together the distributions of two groups, the total is divided by 0.5 so that the Segregation Index can be fit into a range of: In the case presented by Salon, these numbers are multiplied by 100 to convert the SI to an estimated percentage, with the idea being that this would indicate the percentage of the population on average that would have to move to some other part of the city in order for the city to be effectively integrated. 01 Complete SegregationComplete Integration