2. Artificial Intelligence u What are we claiming when we talk about AI? u How are Turing Machines important? u How can we determine whether a machine can be said to think?

3. Claims about AI  Strong AI: computers will be able to think  Weak AI: computers can be used to help understand how people think

4. Turing Machines u Requirements: u 1. can interpret a set of symbols u 2. can change states based on symbols u 3. can write symbols onto a “tape” u Ability: can solve any problem that is well-specified u Examples: modern computer; human brain

5. The Turing Test (Turing, 1950) u Imitation Game u When can we say that a machine is capable of thinking?

6. The Chinese Room Experiment (Searle, 1980) u A Thought Experiment: A person who does not speak Chinese is locked in a room with a set of rules for relating Chinese symbols. The person can use the rules to respond to input in Chinese just like a native speaker of Chinese.

7. More on the Chinese Room... u Searle’s question: Can we say that the person really understands Chinese? u Searle’s answer: No, because the person does not show intentionality. u intentionality: purpose, belief, emotion

8. Non-Logical Reasoning about AI u Double Standard: machines must show better evidence of intelligence than required of people u Moving Standard: the criterion for success changes each time it is met u Circular Definition: definition of intelligence requires it to be in humans