1. Climate Risks and Carbon Prices: Interpreting the Social Cost of Carbon Frank Ackerman 19 October 2011

2. Climate science vs. economics Climate change in science – Immediate response is needed – Business as usual threatens lives, communities Climate change in economics – Cost-benefit analysis is needed – Important to ensure we don’t spend too much Both cannot be correct! – A major effort to refute the science has failed – Therefore, a new climate economics is needed

3. Valuing climate damages Cost-benefit analysis requires monetary prices for everything of value Climate damages summarized in “social cost of carbon” (SCC) – Defined as present value of present and future damages from emission of one more ton of CO 2 – Depends on discount rate, modeling of future damages Larger SCC → stronger climate policy recommendation No active proposals to use as basis for carbon tax

4. The U.S. “social cost of carbon” APPENDIX 15A. SOCIAL COST OF CARBON FOR REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS UNDER EXECUTIVE ORDER 12866 Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Carbon, United States Government With participation by Council of Economic Advisers Council on Environmental Quality Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce Department of Energy Department of Transportation Environmental Protection Agency National Economic Council Office of Energy and Climate Change Office of Management and Budget Office of Science and Technology Policy Department of the Treasury (No office, no address, no website, no publicity, no named authors)

5. The number: $21 per ton of CO 2 $21 / ton CO 2 ≈ US $0.21 / gallon of gasoline – Equivalent to 0.74 peso / liter The $21 estimate is an average of 15 results – 5 emission scenarios, 3 models; constant 3% discount rate Emission scenarios from EMF-22 – Roughly comparable to IPCC’s B2 emissions Model averages – PAGE: $30DICE: $28FUND: $6 FUND estimates big net benefit in agriculture – Based on very old research, now out of date – Also contains a serious software bug (divide-by-zero error) Without FUND, average is $29 – Roughly 1 peso / liter of fuel

6. Mapping science to economics: 1 Scientific assessment of damages Economic assessment of damages $21/ton CO 2 This mapping changes the structure of information

7. Mapping science to economics: 2 Scientific assessment of damages Economic assessment of damages This mapping preserves the structure of information Low SCC ($21?) Higher SCC Disastrously high SCC

8. Our re-analysis of SCC Use DICE model, as modified by Working Group for US analysis of SCC Explore effects of four variations 1.Median vs. 95 th percentile climate sensitivity (3.0 vs. 7.1) 2.Discount rate: 3.0% vs. 1.5% (close to Stern Review rate) 3.Low-temperature damages: DICE default (low) vs. Hanemann estimate (4 x DICE) 4.High-temperature damages: DICE default (low) vs. Weitzman estimate (disaster at 12 o C)

9. Four damage functions Nordhaus at 2.5 o Hanemann at 2.5 o Weitzman: 50% loss at 6 o, 99% loss at 12 o DICE damage function: simple extrapolation from low- temperature damage estimate

10. Alternate SCC values, 2010

11. Alternate SCC values, 2050 Marginal cost of maximum feasible abatement scenarios

12. Costs of rapid abatement Inter-model comparison project (PIK, Germany) – Five models: scenarios stabilizing at 400 ppm CO 2 by 2100 – Marginal cost in 2050: $150 - $500 / ton CO 2, average $260 International Energy Agency “BLUE Map” – Stabilization at 450 ppm CO 2 – Marginal cost in 2050: $175 - $500 / ton Range of estimates reflects technology optimism / pessimism UK government guidance on long-term carbon prices – Marginal abatement cost for a 2 o C scenario – Range of about $150 - $500 / ton in 2050

13. How close to infinity is close enough? Under many of our variants, the SCC exceeds the marginal cost of maximum feasible abatement – So anything reasonable passes a cost-benefit test – Cost-benefit analysis becomes identical to precaution Weitzman: under plausible assumptions, the marginal benefit of abatement is infinite – Our analysis: under worst-case risks, SCC is so high that it has the same implication as infinite cost – Doubling worst-case SCC has no effect on policy Compare to: 2 *  =  Policy recommendation: reduce emissions as fast as feasible

14. Frank.Ackerman@sei-us.org http://www.sei-us.org/ClimateEconomics Stockholm Environment Institute - US Center Tufts University Somerville MA USA Our study of the SCC: http://www.economics-ejournal.org/economics/discussionpapers/2011-40 - or Google “Ackerman e-journal SCC”