2. The Roman Republic

4. Geography Italian Peninsula Along the Tiber River Mountains to the North Rocky Coastlines hindered trade Shallow Rivers Center of trade for Three Continents

5. Tiber River

6. Founding of Rome

7. The Legend of Romulus & Remus According to tradition, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus in 753 BC. They were twin brothers, sons of a human mother and the god of war, Mars. After their birth, the king ordered them killed. They were placed in a basket and put into the Tiber River - left to die from exposure in the outdoors. But their basket washed up on the river bank where they were found by a female wolf. The wolf nursed the hungry babies and cared for them until they were found by a shepherd. The shepherd and his wife raised the babies as their own. Romulus and Remus grew up and helped overthrow the king who had ordered their death. They wanted to build their own city along the Tiber River where their basket had washed ashore. They disagreed about where it should be, and Romulus killed Remus during their quarrels. Romulus built the city of Rome on one of the seven hills along the Tiber – the Palatine hill – and lived a long life as king of Rome..

8. Founding of Rome Romulus and Remeus 753 BC Romulus built wall on a hill Remeus built the city first Livy, “Remus by way of jeering at his brother jumped over the half built walls of the new settlement whereupon Romulus killed him in a fit of rage, adding the threat, “So shall perish whoever else shall overleap my embattlements.” Latins Indo-European speaking people from Central Europe Attracted by fertile soil and climate Crossed the Alps and conquered the natives set up Rome overlooking the Tiber.

9. Cow Town on the Tiber

10. Latin Life Farmed and raised cattle Patriarchal families Worshipped tribal gods: Polytheistic Defended Rome against attacks

11. Etruscans

12. Etruscans were an Eastern European nomadic tribe that settled on the Italian Peninsula 750 BC Etruscans gained control Rome Tarquins, a wealthy Etruscan family, provided kings for Rome.

13. Patricians(Aristocrats) Plebeians Farmers Merchants Artisans Freedmen Slaves City SlavesCity Slaves Household SlavesHousehold Slaves (Early Republic)

14. Etruscan Accomplishments Metal weapons New military tactics Drained Marshes Built the Forum Elevated Rome to one of the richest cities in Italy

15. Roman Forum

16. Roman Society under the Estruscans Two major classes in Etruscan society Patricians-new wealthy aristocratic class, the nobility Plebeians-Included wealthy non-aristocratic landowners, merchants, shop keepers, small farmers, and laborers

17. Roman Patrician

18. Rights Patricians had the right to vote, pay taxes, and hold public office Plebeians could not vote or hold public office but were taxed heavily

19. Rise of Rome In 510 BC the Latins pushed the Etruscans out of Rome. All the Etruscan cities near Rome were conquered one by one The northern Etruscan cities surrendered without a fight By 1 st century BC the Etruscans were given Latin citizenship

21. The Early Republic An aristocracy wealthy patricians control the senate plebeians largely excluded from government Plebeians demand reforms Struggle of Orders

22. Senate Building

23. The Republic becomes more Democratic 5th-3rd Centuries BC plebeians gain considerable political power codification of the Twelve Tables Plebeians threaten to walk out of the city patricians and plebeians willingly compromised for the good of the Republic

24. ROMAN GOVERNMENT (The Republic) Senate Assembly of Centuries Assembly of Tribes 300 members Most powerful branch Controlled public funds Made Political Appointments Declared War & Peace Elected Magistrates Made up by Plebeians Elected 10 Tribunes who had veto power over Senate & magistrates Legislative Branch 2 Consuls 2 Censors Dictator Elected to 1 year terms Commanded Military Presided over Senate Ran Daily Government Could Veto each other Conducted Census Assessed Taxes Supervised Morals Elected only during crisis Absolute Power Served 6 month terms Executive Branch (Magistrates) Judicial Branch Praetor Praetors created Roman law through court decisions

25. ROMAN GOVERNMENT (The Republic) Senate Assembly of Centuries Assembly of Tribes 300 members Most powerful branch Controlled public funds Made Political Appointments Declared War & Peace Elected Magistrates Made up by Plebeians Elected 10 Tribunes who had veto power over Senate and Magistrates Legislative Branch

26. ROMAN GOVERNMENT (The Republic) 2 Consuls 2 Censors Dictator Elected to 1 year terms Commanded Military Presided over Senate Ran Daily Government Could Veto each other Conducted Census Assessed Taxes Supervised Morals Elected only during crisis Absolute Power Served 6 month terms Executive Branch (Magistrates) Judicial Branch Praetor Praetors created Roman law through court decisions Praetor

28. Rome gains control of Italy In a series of wars Rome conquered the Italian peninsula Pyhrric War Conquered Italy because of powerful armies, ability to move troops, and wise treatment of conquered peoples.

29. Pyhrrus

31. Carthage

32. Rome Conquers the Mediterranean Carthage – Rome’s chief rival: modern day Tunisia – Originally a Phoenician (Punic) colony – Carthaginians attacked Roman trading vessels – Roman merchants demanded protection

33. First Punic War (264-246 BC) Fought on Sicily Rome annexed Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia Rome used citizen soldiers, Carthage used mercenaries Which type of soldier tends to be more loyal?

34. Hannibal VS. Scipio

35. Second Punic War (218-201 BC)

36. Carthaginian General Hannibal leads an army from Spain across the Alps and into Italy: Stopped north of Rome Roman fleet headed for Carthage; Hannibal called back to defend the homeland Battle of Zama-Roman General Scipio defeated Hannibal near Carthage Rome annexed Carthage’s Spanish provinces

37. Cato, The Elder

38. Third Punic War (149-146) Cato, A Roman senator, ended all of his speeches with “Carthage must be destroyed” In 146 BC Roman forces burned and destroyed Carthage and annexed the territory. By 30 BC Rome managed to conquer the entire Mediterranean region including Macedonia, Greece, and Egypt

39. Rome After the Punic Wars

40. Roman Expansion (133 BC - 27 BC) uConquered territories became known as Provinces uProvinces were ruled by governors known as Proconsuls who were appointed by the Senate and had great power uTax collectors known as Publicans collected heavy taxes from provinces. They collected more than required and kept the excess. This corrupt practice was known as Tax Farming

41. Roman Roads and Empire

42. Roman Expansion Problems of Expansion Collapse of the Small Farmer uSmall farmers were the backbone of Roman military uAfter wars of expansion they returned to desolated farms uUnable to afford repairs, they were forced to sell to large landowners

43. Roman Expansion Problems of Expansion Disparities of Wealth uNobles grew wealthier by expanding their estates uThey lived lives of luxury and ease u The poor became poorer uHard work, discipline, and patriotism, began to disappear

44. Roman Expansion Problems of Expansion Growth of Slavery uMany conquered enemies became slaves uNobles began using them on their estates rather than paying workers uUnemployment grew among citizens because of slavery uSlaves outnumbered citizens

45. Roman Expansion Problems of Expansion Migration to the Cities uSmall farmers who sold land were forced to move to cities in search of work uCities suffered severe unemployment and overcrowding. Slums developed. uRoman government had to set up a welfare program to support the poor uBread programs and circuses were set up to keep the poor masses happy

46. Roman Expansion Problems of Expansion Corruption in the Provinces uRoman officials appointed to govern the provinces were corrupted by the lure of quick wealth uBribery and Tax Farming became common uDiscontentment grew in the provinces

47. Roman Expansion Problems of Expansion Changes in Roman Military uWith the disappearance of the small farmer, the nature of the army began to change uIndividual commanders began building their own armies and paid mercenaries uSoldiers were promised a share of the booty and land in return for service uSoldiers were loyal to commanders rather than Rome

48. Roman Expansion Problems of Expansion Attempts at Reform uT wo brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were elected as Tribunes and attempted reforms to help the poor uTiberius was assassinated by several senators in 133 BC uGaius continued to work on reforms and attempted to limit power of the Senate. He was killed in a riot uRome fell into disarray. Civil War followed.

49. Marius vs. Sulla

50. Roman Expansion Problems of Expansion Civil War - Marius vs. Sulla uIn 105 BC, a commander named Marius saved Rome from barbarian invasions. He was elected consul five straight years and continued to build a large army uIn 88 BC, a rival named Sulla went to war against Marius in and around Rome uThousands of Romans died uIn 82 BC, Sulla defeated Marius and became a dictator. He retired in 79 BC uSlave revolts led by Spartacus broke out from 73-71 BC. Military leaders struggled for power.

51. Julius Caesar

52. In 60 BC three men--- Julius Caesar, a popular leader; Pompey, a famous general; and Crassus, a wealthy noble formed the First Triumvirate Caesar became a general and through his victories in Gaul gained his army’s loyalty In 49 BC, the senate feared Caesar’s power and demanded that he disband his army

53. Julius Caesar Cont’ Caesar refused to disband his army and invaded Rome He defeated Pompey’s army and became dictator of Rome Caesar planned to establish a stable government, reform provincial rule, provide land for the poor, and beautify Rome Unfortunately for Caesar he was assassinated in 44BC

54. Julius Caesar Funeral Pile

55. Octavian VS. Antony

56. After Caesar’s death civil war erupted once again. The army of Brutus and Cassius, he chief conspirators, was defeated by forces led by Marc Antony and Caesar’s grandnephew Octavian Octavian and Antony then turned on one another and Octavian defeated Antony at he battle of Actium Octavian became the absolute ruler of the Roman Empire

57. The Roman Empire (27 BC- 476 AD)

58. The Roman Empire Augustus (Octavian)

59. Augustus From the senate Octavian excepted the title Augustus, meaning “sacred majesty” Augustus – Maintained peace – Provided a stable government – Reformed provincial administration – Fair taxation – Developed trade and industry

60. Augustus Constructed roads and buildings Augustus boasted that he transformed Rome from a city of brick into a city of marble The Augustan Age began a 200 year period of peace and progress known as the Pax Romana

61. Dispatched an army, led by his son Titus, to Palestine. Titus suppressed the Hebrew revolt, destroyed Jerusalem including the Temple, and expelled the Jews from Palestine Vespasian

62. Trajan Conqueror Expanded the Empire to its largest point Acquired Dacia (Modern Romania)

63. Marcus Aurelius Philosopher King Stoic His death marked the end of the Pax Romana

64. Diocletian Diocletian divided the empire in half. To prevent civil war Diocletian was the first emperor that setup a system of succession Diocletian was the last emperor to actively persecute the Christians

65. Constantine Constantine reunited the empire and moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople. By the Edict of Milan (313) he ended the persecution of the Christians Before his death Constantine converted to Christianity.

66. The Fall of Rome Political reasons– corruption of the government, vastness of the empire, and rivalry of succession. Economic reasons—small farmers left their land, the self sufficient large farms hampered trade, heavy taxation, and slavery.

67. Fall of Rome Military– the warlike spirit of early pagan Rome was weakened by Christian teachings of peace and universal love. The Roman armies also included many Germanic mercenaries of uncertain loyalty. The armies also considered themselves masters of the state, not its servant, often chose the emperors.

68. Rise of Christianity

69. Jesus Jesus was born in Bethlehem during the reign of Augustus. Jesus received a thorough Jewish education and became a preacher. He emphasized religious morals and ethics.

70. Principles of Christianity A single God the Father of all humanity. Love God above all else; love your neighbor as yourself The life and person of each individual is sacred. Jesus’ disciples believed him the son of God and started the new religion.

71. The Spread of Christianity

72. St. Paul Spreads Christianity Paul envisioned Christianity not as a Jewish sect but as a new religion. He emphasized the conversion of the Gentiles, “ Apostle to the Gentiles” Paul is responsible for the spread of Christianity through his mission work.

73. St. Peter The first Bishop of Rome. He shaped the internal structure of the church He used the administration organization of the Roman Empire as his model.

74. Age of the Church Fathers Clement of Rome (30-100 AD) Ignatius (death around 110 AD) Polycarp (70-150 AD)

75. Age of the Apologists Justin Martyr (110-165 AD) Origen (185-253 AD) Iraneaus (death 202 AD)

76. Council of Nicaea – Council of Nicaea (325 AD) Canonized the Bible Nicaean Creed – Doctrine of the Trinity