1. Welcome to the The American Archaic University of Minnesota Duluth Ancient Middle America Tim Roufs ©2009-2014

2. Mexico (7 th ed) Page 244 Mexico (5 th ed.). Michael D. Coe and Rex Koontz. NY: Thames and Hudson, 2008, p. 236.

3. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/mastages_handout.html Text: Mexico, page 236

4. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/mastages_handout.html Mexico, Ch. 3, “The Archaic Period”

5. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/mastages_handout.html The Maya, Ch. 2, “The Earliest Maya”

6. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/ma_timeline.html#lithic

7. Ancient Middle America Ancient Middle America Archaic Archaic “Period of Incipient Agriculture” “Early Gathering Cultures”

8. http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/arch/mexchron.html#Archaic

9. After Willey and Phillips, Method and Theory in American Archaeology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970. Six Important Points for the Archaic Stage

10. Archaic Stage includes numerous historical cultures whose origins and connections have not been, or cannot be traced... 1. Archaic:

11. Archaic Stage... in Mexico, however, there appear to be connections with early cultures in the Southwest U.S.A. and in Texas

12. http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/reference_maps/north_america.html

13. http://www4.hmc.edu:8001/humanities/basin/tribes.gif

14. Archaic Stage there is a continuation of hunting and gathering cultures into environmental conditions approximating those of the present 2. Natural Context:

15. Archaic Stage 3. There is a dependence on smaller and perhaps more varied game than in the Lithic stage... and, in many places, an increase in gathering

16. Archaic Stage 4. Stone implements and utensils used in the preparation of wild vegetable foods first appear in this stage... Many of these were shaped by use rather than design...

18. Tehuacán, Puebla

20. up-to-date information is always available on The class web site http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/matehuac.html#title

21. Archaic Stage... although in many Archaic stage cultures, techniques of stone-grinding and stone-polishing were known

22. Archaic Stage 5. Domesticated plants are found in some Archaic contexts... including maize

23. Richard S. Mac Neish, Scientific American, 1964. Tehuacán, Puebla

24. Richard S. Mac Neish, Scientific American, 1964. = 100% “seriation”

25. Archaic Stage... but the presence of these food plants is not evidence for agriculture in the full sense of that term

26. Archaic Stage... as near as the archaeologist is able to tell, the Archaic cultures in question had only slight economic dependence upon early domesticates

27. Archaic Stage... where domestic plants seem to occur, for some reason societies seem to have been composed of smaller populations than the other Archaic cultures

28. Archaic Stage 7000 – 1800 / 1600 B.C. ? 5000 – 1800 / 1600 B.C. ? 6. Finally, it is difficult to set meaningful date limits to the Archaic stage...

29. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/ma_timeline.html#lithic

30. Archaic Stage... at the earlier end of the range there is obvious overlap between Archaic cultures and those whose technical inventory and environmental context is of a Lithic Stage type

31. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/ma_timeline.html#lithic

32. Tehuacán, Puebla

33. Archaic Stage... thus, some Archaic cultures seem to antedate 7000 B.C. (which is the very approximate and arbitrary upper limit for the Lithic Stage)

34. Archaic Stage at the “Conquest” (A.D. 1520) many cultures still existed at the Archaic stage this does not, however, impute to them “backwardness”

35. Archaic Stage Discussion

36. Archaic Stage after 7000 B.C. several changes mark a shift to a way of life similar to the “Desert Culture” in western North America

37. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/ma_timeline.html#lithic

38. http://www4.hmc.edu:8001/humanities/basin/tribes.gif

39. Archaic Stage several essential economic and social changes marked the shift to a “Desert Culture” way of life...

40. Archaic Stage the “Desert Culture” way of life includes the migratory hunting and gathering cultures which continue into environmental conditions approximating those of the present time

41. Archaic Stage dependence is on smaller and more varied fauna in place of the large animals... there is also an apparent increase in gathering

42. Archaic Stage sites begin to yield large numbers of stone implements and utensils that are probably connected with the preparation of wild vegetable foods but these are usually shaped by use rather than by design, and are not therefore in the same category of ground and polished stone

43. Tehuacán, Puebla

44. Archaic Stage these specialized techniques of gathering and preparing wild foods suggest a time in which early experimentation in plant domestication could take place especially in areas where collected plants consisted mainly of hard-shelled seeded forms

45. Archaic Stage as a result, some of the first indications of New World agriculture are found in the Archaic Stage

46. Tehuacán, Puebla

47. Archaic Stage but the mere presence of agriculture is not of primary significance from a more abstract developmental point of view even though agriculture is of enormous importance prehistorically in terms of the growth of particular American patterns of culture

48. Archaic Stage agriculture became important only when... it can be seen as dominant in the economy and... it is integrated socially to produce stable settlement patterns (which become the basis of the Preclassic Stage)

49. Archaic Stage the high quality of chipped stone tools produced by many of the Lithic cultures are not maintained by most of the Archaic peoples older forms, however, persist -- especially in the chopper and scraper categories

50. Archaic Stage articles of bone, tooth, horn, and ivory were present in the Lithic, but they were not abundant they do, however, assume a major importance in assemblages of the Archaic for the first time they vie with stone as materials for many implements and ornaments points, knives, scrapers, tubes, beads, and pendants

51. Archaic Stage articles of bone, tooth, horn, and ivory were present in the Lithic, but they were not abundant they do, however, assume a major importance in assemblages of the Archaic for the first time they vie with stone as materials for many implements and ornaments points, knives, scrapers, tubes, beads, and pendants

52. http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/harrell/artifacts.html

54. Archaic Stage articles of bone, tooth, horn, and ivory... in general were used for objects which had no counterpart in stone awls, perforators, and needles indicative of basketry and skin working

55. Archaic Stage new tools... the drill makes its appearance the increased variety of forms is matched by an increase in the variety of materials used

56. http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/harrell/artifacts.html

57. Archaic Stage articles of bone, tooth, horn, and ivory are sometimes known as the “osteodontokeratic” culture

58. Glossary osteo="bone" donto="tooth" keratic="horn" osteodontokeratic

59. Glossary osteo="bone" donto="tooth" keratic="horn" osteodontokeratic

60. http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/harrell/artifacts.html A spatulate tool with beveled edges, made from a bison or deer rib. The Harrell Site, Texas

61. Flint knapping tools made of antler and bone. The Harrell Site, Texas http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/harrell/artifacts.html

62. Glossary osteo="bone" donto="tooth" keratic="horn" osteodontokeratic

63. http://www2.sfu.ca/archaeology/museum/ask/a6.htm

64. Glossary osteo="bone" donto="tooth" keratic="horn" osteodontokeratic

65. http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/ANTHRO/rwpark/ArcticArchStuff/TLArts.html

66. Archaic Stage a large number of tools indicate that fishing was important to Archaic peoples including fishhooks and harpoons

67. Unfinished bone fishhook. The Harrell Site, Texas http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/harrell/artifacts.html

68. Archaic Stage shells make their first appearance as a used material mostly for articles of personal adornment especially in beads and pendants

69. An array of beads and ornaments made of different materials, including an Olivella shell bead. The Harrell Site, Texas http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/harrell/artifacts.html

70. A large mussel shell with heavy edge wear and polish likely was used as a tool, possibly a hoe. The Harrell Site, Texas http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/harrell/artifacts.html

71. Archaic Stage burials first appear on this level flexed burial in round graves partial cremation and the use of red ocher in burial rites have a wide distribution on this levels

72. http://www.eaststeubenville.com/people.html

73. Archaic Stage burials first appear on this level this does not mean that the people of the Lithic had no formalized modes of disposing of their dead... but simply that it is only in the Archaic and later stages that we can say what they were

74. Archaic Stage habitations change from nomadic to semi-nomadic people made greater use of caves and rock shelters

75. Tehuacán

76. http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/english/zonas_arqueologicas_y_museos/oriente/detalle.cfm?idsec=46&idsub=0&idpag=1774

77. Archaic Stage habitations change from nomadic to semi-nomadic accumulations of refuse from (probably) brief and intermittent occupations suggest a degree of stability and continuity that may or may not be accurate

78. Archaic Stage habitations change from nomadic to semi-nomadic houses of sufficient durability to leave permanent traces in the ground are generally lacking generally there are no storage pits but Cuello has both

79. Cuello

80. Cuello, Belize

81. Archaic Stage settlements are characteristically small in extent but frequently they were used for considerable time i.e., at least some Archaics are living differently than the earlier nomadic hunting peoples of the Lithic

82. Archaic Stage of doubtful status as artifacts but characteristic of Archaic sites in the Americas are masses of fire-cracked stones used in pit roasting and stone boiling

83. http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/pecos/archeology.html

84. Archaic Stage thus projectile points were eventually made smaller and broader hunting techniques and tools were adapted to exploit the smaller fauna that replaced the big game animals

85. Tehuacán, Puebla

86. Archaic Stage probably numbered no more than 25 – 30 but they were not truly nomadic people lived in extended family groups who were engaged in cyclical wandering in search of food

87. Archaic Stage but remains of basketry and milling stones appear they needed few material possessions

88. http://www.desertusa.com/ind1/ind_new/ind2.html

89. Tehuacán, Puebla

90. Nogales phase – Tamaulipas La Perra phase – Tamaulipas Diablo phase – Tamaulipas Ocampo phase – Tamaulipas Archaic Sites include:

91. Tamaulipas

92. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/ma_timeline.html#lithic

93. Tepexpán ? Archaic Sites include:

94. Tepexpán

96. http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/reference_maps/north_america.html Tepexpán “woman” Minnesota “woman” (Pelican Rapids, MN) ca. 10,000 or ??? B.C.

97. Minnesota “Man” www.co.otter-tail.mn.us/history/countyhistory_mnwoman.php

98. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Woman

99. Tehuacán Valley – Coxcatlán Cave Archaic Sites include:

100. Tehuacán

103. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/ma_timeline.html#lithic

104. Cuello Archaic Sites include:

105. Cuello http://www.ancientmexico.com/

106. Cuello

107. Maya Trade Routes

108. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/ma_timeline.html#lithic

109. Santiaguillo Archaic Sites include:

110. Yanhuitlán Archaic Sites include:

111. Yanhuitlán

112. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/ma_timeline.html#lithic

113. Santa Marta Rock Shelter (Chiapas) important for agriculture Archaic Sites include:

114. Sta. Marta Rock Shelter

115. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/ma_timeline.html#lithic

116. What happens next?

118. And after that?

119. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 479. Time line of “New World Civilizations.”

120. End of The Archaic Continue on to The Preclassic