2. The War of Resistance 1937-1945 Themes: War as Destruction, War as Development, War and Revolution Japan’s Advance: From informal empire to War of Invasion Three China’s: Nationalist-held “free China”, Communist rural base areas, Japanese Occupied China

4. Japanese Imperialism in China Japan as latecomers to the imperial power club 1895-1945: Build an empire that includes Taiwan, Korea, much of North and coastal China, Southeast Asia The Manchurian Incident: September 18, 1931 Establish puppet nation of Manchukuo in Northeast China

6. The War of Resistance 1937-1945 Marco Polo Bridge ( 芦沟桥 ) Incident: July 7, 1937. Leads to the start of Japan’s invasion of Eastern China The Battle for Shanghai: Chiang looses 60 of his modernized army Nanjing (Nanking) Massacre/ “The Rape of Nanjing” The “3 Alls” Campaign: Kill all, burn all, loot all

7. Nanjing Massacre Japanese military attacks Nanjing civilian population for weeks in late 1937, early 1938 200-300,000 are killed, 20,000 raped One of the worst war crimes of the 20 th century