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The Human Body: An Orientation
Dr. Hassan Shaibah Ext.4011
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An Overview of Anatomy Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body Physiology – the study of body function
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An Overview of Anatomy Anatomical terminology – based on ancient Greek or Latin Provides standard nomenclature worldwide Branches of anatomy Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy (histology)
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An Overview of Anatomy Other branches of anatomy Developmental anatomy
Embryology Pathological anatomy (pathology) Radiographic anatomy Functional morphology
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The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Chemical Level – atoms form molecules Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common function
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The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Organ level – a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue Organ system – organs working together for a common purpose Organismal level– the result of all simpler levels working in unison
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The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
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The Body Organ Systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous
Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
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Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
Anatomical position – a common visual reference point Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body Directional terminology – refers to the body in anatomical position
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Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
Figure 1.3
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Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
Directional terms Regional terms – names of specific body areas Axial region – the main axis of the body Appendicular region – the limbs
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1; Superior - Anterior
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1; Posterior – Intermediate
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1; Proximal – Deep
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Regional Terms Figure 1.4a
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Regional Terms Figure 1.4b
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Body Planes and Sections
Coronal (frontal) plane Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts Median (midsagittal) plane Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
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Body Planes and Sections
Transverse plane Runs horizontally – divides body into superior and inferior parts Figure 1.5
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Basic Human Body Plan and Structures Shared with all Vertebrates
Figure 1.7c
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Organization of the Human Body
Axial, appendicular portions of body Body cavities Dorsal cavity Cranial, vertebral canal Ventral cavity Thoracic Abdomenopelvic Separated by diaphragm
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Body Cavities
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Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.8a
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Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.8b
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Body Cavities and Membranes
Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa – covers visceral organs
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Serous Membranes Line thoracic and abdomenopelvic cavities
Line body wall and fold back over organs Secrete water, salts; slippery Parietal, visceral layers Thoracic membranes Pleural membranes with space, fluid between layers Pericardial membranes with space, fluid between Abdominal membranes Peritoneal membranes with space (peritoneal cavity between layers)
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Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.9a, b
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Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.9c
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Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.9d
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Body Cavities and Membranes
Other cavities Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities
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Other Body Cavities Figure 1.10
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Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
Abdominal regions – divides abdomen into nine regions Abdominal quadrants – divides abdomen into four quadrants
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Abdominal Regions Figure 1.11a, b
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Abdominal Quadrants Figure 1.12
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Microscopic Anatomy Microscopy – examining small structures through a microscope Light microscopy – illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification) Electron microscopy – uses beams of electrons (higher magnification)
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Microscopic Anatomy Preparing human tissue for microscopy
Specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures Acidic stain – negatively charged dye molecules Basic stain – positively charged dye molecules
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Microscopic Anatomy Scanning electron microscopy Artifacts
Heavy metal salt stain – deflects electrons in the beam to different extents Artifacts Minor distortions of preserved tissues Not exactly like living tissues and organs
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Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
X ray – electromagnetic waves of very short length Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures
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Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
Variations of X ray Fluoroscope – images are viewed on a fluorescent screen Allows viewing of internal organs as they move Cineradiography – uses X-ray cinema film to record organ movements
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Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) – takes successive X rays around a person's full circumference Translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section
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Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Digital subtraction angiography imaging (DSA) – provides an unobstructed view of small arteries DSA is often used to identify blockages of arteries that supply the heart or brain
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Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Positron emission tomography (PET) – forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body Sonography (ultrasound imaging) – body is probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body's tissues Imaging technique used to determine the age of a developing fetus
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Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – produces high- quality images of soft tissues Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content
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