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Global Entrepreneurship Culture & Economies ESSAM 2011 Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado at Boulder
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Agenda Types of global entrepreneurship Characteristics of global entrepreneurs Characteristics of global entrepreneurship Differences & similarities between global and domestic startup ventures
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Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
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Types of Global Entrepreneurship Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
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Types of Global Entrepreneurship Factor-Driven Economies? Low levels of economic development Oversupply of labor drives self-employment Efficiency-Driven Economies? Industrialization and scale economies Drives development of small-medium manufacturing firms Innovation-Driven Economies? Research and knowledge-intensity Drives knowledge and innovation-based entrepreneurship Bosma, Acs, Autio, Coduras, & Levie (2009), “2008 executive summary,” Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
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Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
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How Does Income Impact Eship? Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
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Necessity-Based Entrepreneurship Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
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How Old are Entrepreneurs? Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
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Which Gender are Entrepreneurs? Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
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Innovation & Entrepreneurship Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
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What Other Factors Effect Eship? Bosma, Acs, Autio, Coduras, & Levie (2009), “2008 executive summary,” Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
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Why Become an Entrepreneur? Bosma, Acs, Autio, Coduras, & Levie (2009), “2008 executive summary,” Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP Karra & Phillips (2004), “Entrepreneurship goes global,” Ivey Business Journal, Nov/Dec.
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What does “Born Global” Mean? 25% International sales within 3 years Derive competitive advantage from global resources and global markets Plan for global sales and operations from inception Karra & Phillips (2004), “Entrepreneurship goes global,” Ivey Business Journal, Nov/Dec.
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International Orientation Bosma & Levie. 2011. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010, Global Entrepreneurship Research Consortium.
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What Factors Drive Global Eship Growth? Globalizing markets Tariff & trade barriers; global brands Growing middle class Changes in technology Information & transport technology Changing nature of firms & alliances Trade alliances (e.g., EU, NAFTA) Need for scale economies Karra & Phillips (2004), “Entrepreneurship goes global,” Ivey Business Journal, Nov/Dec.
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Success Factors for Global Eship? Global vision No boundary between domestic & global markets Promiscuous collaboration Manage complex collaborative networks Cross-cultural competence Multiple languages Multiple cultural competencies Karra & Phillips (2004), “Entrepreneurship goes global,” Ivey Business Journal, Nov/Dec.
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HOW DIFFICULT IS STARTUP AROUND THE WORLD?
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Doing Business, World Bank www.DoingBusiness.org
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Global “Ease of Business” Rankings www.DoingBusiness.org
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The Best and the Worst “Global Heroes,” Economist, 2009
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Days to Start a Business “Global Heroes,” Economist, 2009
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Regulation vs. Entrepreneurship “Global Heroes,” Economist, 2009
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VC Investments (% GDP-2007) “Global Heroes,” Economist, 2009
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DO CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AFFECT ENTREPRENEURSHIP?
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Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Power Distance (PDI) Acceptance of unequal power distribution Individualism (IDV) Extent of identification with a group Masculinity (MAS) Degree of differentiation in gender roles Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) Measures cultural concerns about the unknown Long Term Orientation (LTO) Cultural focus on the future; “time-horizon” http://www.clearlycultural.com/geert-hofstede-cultural-dimensions/power-distance-index//
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Hofstede Score Comparison http://www.clearlycultural.com/geert-hofstede-cultural-dimensions/power-distance-index//
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BRIC Hofstede Scores http://cindyking.biz/how-cultural-differences-impact-international-social-media/
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Uncertainty Avoidance http://ausweb.scu.edu.au/aw03/papers/edwards2/fig4.jpg
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Hofsteder IDE vs. PDI Metrics http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=883443&show=html
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INTERNATIONAL VS. DOMESTIC NEW VENTURES – ARE THERE DIFFERENCES?
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Int’l vs. Domestic New Ventures McDougall, Oviatt, & Schrader (2003) “A comparison of international and domestic new ventures,” Journal of International New Ventures 1, 59-82. 1.International team variables 2.Global strategy variables 3.Global industry variables McDougall, Oviatt, & Schrader (2003), “A comparison of international and domestic new ventures,” Journal of International New Ventures 1, 59-82.
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Entrepreneurial Team Variables Important differentiator International experience Somewhat important differentiator Industry experience Somewhat negative differentiator Marketing experience Important negative differentiator Technical experience McDougall, Oviatt, & Schrader (2003), “A comparison of international and domestic new ventures,” Journal of International New Ventures 1, 59-82.
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Global Strategy Variables Important differentiator Emphasis on quality Somewhat important differentiators Aggressiveness, product innovation, service, marketing, distribution Irrelevant differentiators Low cost, focus McDougall, Oviatt, & Schrader (2003), “A comparison of international and domestic new ventures,” Journal of International New Ventures 1, 59-82.
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Industry Variables Very important differentiator Global integration Somewhat negative differentiator Competitive intensity Irrelevant differentiator Technology change McDougall, Oviatt, & Schrader (2003), “A comparison of international and domestic new ventures,” Journal of International New Ventures 1, 59-82.
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OTHER RESOURCES
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Global Eship Monitor (GEM) www.gemconsortium.org
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International Entrepreneurship www.InternationalEntrepreneurship.com
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