1. GI pathophysiology Review section Bios E-162b, Dec 5, 2010

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digestive_system_diagram_edit.svg Overview of the GI system

3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7xKYNz9AS0 Transit of foodstuffs through the GI system

4. The wall of the GI tract has several layers

5. Sphincters control the transit from one section of the GI tract to the next www.mydr.com.au

6. Bile and pancreatic secretions are emptied at the same point in the duodenum www.memorialhermann.org

7. The enteric nervous system regulates GI activity mikedaisey.com

8. GI hormones also regulate GI activity 04340.com

9. Gastroesophageal reflux is due to an insufficient closure of the lower esophageal sphincter www.webmd.com

10. myhealth.ucsd.edu Hiatus hernias may also cause gastroesophageal reflux

11. Several factors may cause or aggravate GER - Young age - Obesity - Pregnancy - Postural changes after eating - Smoking - Peppermint, coffee, alcohol - Diseases of connective tissue

12. Gastric metaplasia of the esophageal epithelium GER may lead to Barrett’s esophagus www.lwjuan.com

13. Barrett’s esophagus mat lead to esophageal adenocarcinoma upload.wikimedia.org

14. The stomach mucosa produces acid, mucus and pepsinogen

15. Several mediators induce acid secretion

16. Peptic ulcers come from an imbalance between acid vs. mucus + HCO3 www.yourgicenter.com

17. H. Pilori is the most common cause bioweb.uwlax.edu

18. H. Pilori is the most common cause upload.wikimedia.org

19. The digestion of carbohydrates Most dietary carbs are polysaccharides Cooper GM. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd edition.

20. The digestion of carbohydrates All carbohydrates are converted to monosaccharides before absorption salivary  -amilase 5% starchMaltose salivary  -amilase 25% starchMaltose pancreatic  -amilase 70% starchMaltose

21. The digestion of carbohydrates Disaccharidases at intestinal villi transform disaccharides in monosaccharides

22. web.campbell.edu The digestion of fats

23. Types of diarrhea Osmotic Secretory Malabsoptive ie. Lactose intolerance ie. Cholera ie. Celiac disease Inflammatory ie. Chron’s disease High motility ie. Some medications