2. Animal Nutrition AgriScience 2

3. Animal Digestion Review  Digestive system types  Monogastric  Polygastric

4. Ruminant Digestion

5. True Stomachs  Monogastrics  Stomach  Poultry  Proventriculus  Ruminants  Abomasum

6. Questions 1.Are horses nonruminants or ruminants? 2.Do we feed horses large amounts of roughages or concentrates? 3.How do we justify this?

7. Cecums-The Blind Gut  In most animals  Is of very little importance  Connected to the large intestine  Very important in horses  Contains bacteria, much like a rumen  Breaks down roughages and is why horses consume large amounts of roughages  Not as efficient as a rumen

8. Essential Nutrients

9. Proteins PVTTIMHALL  Phenylalanine  Valine  Tryptophan  Threonine  Isoleucine  Mehtionine  Histidine  Arginine  Lysine  Leucine

10. Carbohydrates  Composed of sugars, starches, and fiber  Provide energy to animals  Glucose, sucrose,lactose,galactose

11. Fats and oils Only needed in small amounts  Found in adequate amounts in most proteins

12. Vitamins  Are catalysts for other body processes  Fat soluble- A, D, E, K,  Water Soluble- C, B complex, B12

13. Minerals  Are a main component of the skeletal system and chemical processes in body.  Major- Ca, P, NaCl  Trace-Fe, Ca, Mn, I, Co, S, Mg, Zn, K, Bo

14. Animal Feedstuffs-Sources of Nutrients Water Dry Matter Organic matter Ash ProteinCarbohydr ates Vitamins Fats NFE Crude fiber CelluloseStarches Complex sugars Simple sugars

15. Roughages  Contain more than 18% fiber when dry  Dry Forages-Hay, Stover  Ensiled forages-Silage  Green Forages-Pasture, Greenchop

16. Roughages  Two types of plants  Legumes  Alfalfa  Clovers  Soybeans  Non-legumes  Corn silage  Grasses  Grain straw

17. Concentrates  Contain less than 18% fiber when dry  Two types  Energy feeds  Less than 20% protein  Corn, oats, barley, rye, wheat  Protein supplements  More than 20% protein  Animal proteins  Vegetable proteins

18. Nutrient content of Feeds analysis  Do activity

19. Ration Characteristics  Ration  Feed given to an animal during a 24hr. period  Balanced Ration  All the nutrients the animal needs in the right proportions and amounts for a 24 hr period.  Palatable  The food must taste good in order for the animal to eat it

20. Ration Functions

21. Maintenance Ration  Is used to maintain the life of the animal  Energy for functioning of the body and body organs  These activities are grouped to make up what is called basal metabolism  All rations use some of their energy for maintenance of the animal  If all of the ration is being used for maintenance their will not be energy for any other life processes

22. Growth Ration  Used for growth of animals  Help animals become mature  Increase size of muscles, bones, organs, and connective tissues  If an animal does not get a proper growth ration when they are young they will likely not be productive when they become mature

23. Fattening Ration  Extra food in the ration that is not used for maintenance or growth  Stored in the tissues  Fat within the muscles is called?  Marbling

24. Production  Production is for animals who are feeding their young  Production of milk for young in mammals  Eggs for birds such as chickens  Wool for sheep  Production requires extra nutrients

25. Reproduction  Animal may become sterile if it does not get enough nutrition  What does sterile mean?  Animal cannot be bred  In animals already pregnant if there is not enough nutrition then…  Could have an abortion  Most of the growth of the fetus takes place in the last trimester of the pregnancy

26. Work  When do animals do work?  Oxen pulling a plow (old days)  Horses when they are riden  Animals sweat when they work and this takes extra energy

27. Developing a Feeding Program

28. Sampling & Analyzing Feeds  To properly balance a ration you must know the composition of the feed  When getting feeds sampled take a representative sample  Make samples random

29. Feed Additives  Antimicrobial Drugs-  Antibiotics- made from bacteria  Chemoantibacterials-chemicals  Anthelmintics- kill parasites  Hormones/Hormone-like  Miscellaneous-

30. Life Cycle Feeding  Pre-Weaning  Grower  Finishing  Pre-Breeding  Gestation  Lactation

31. Developing a Balanced Ration

32. Dry Matter Basis vs. As- fed Basis  100 percent dry matter  Data presented as all moisture is removed from the feed  As-fed Basis  Data collected with average amount of moisture in the feed

33. Conversions  As-fed to dry matter basis  A=B x C  Dry matter to as-fed basis  B= A/C  Where  A=pounds of feed on 100% dry matter basis  B=pounds of feed on as-fed basis  C=% dry matter in the feed

34. Balance on Protein  Total Protein  Amount of protein in the ration  Crude Protein  Metabolizable Protein  Digestible Protein

35. Balance on Energy Gross Energy total intake Digestible Energy Energy in Feces Metabolizable Energy Urine and methane loss Net Energy Energy for production Energy for Maintenance Heat Increment Heat of Metabolism Heat of Fermentation

36. Balance on TDN  Total Digestible Nutrients- TDN  = total of digestible protein, nitrogen-free extract, digestible crude fiber, and 2.25 times the digestible fat

37. Balancing Rations- Pearson Square

38. Steps  Draw a square with lines connecting the opposite corners.  Write the % protein need in the center of the square where the lines cross.  Write the feeds to be used and their crude protein percents at the left-hand corners of the square.

39. Steps  Subtract the smaller number from the larger along the diagonal lines.  Write the difference at the opposite end of the diagonals.  Difference in #’s on the left should equal the sum of #’s on the right

40. Steps  Divide parts of each feed by the total parts to find the percents of each feed in the ration. (you will have to take the number you find and multiply by 100 to find the percent)  In other words divide each number on the right by the sum of the numbers on the right.

41. Pearson Square 14 8.9 45.8 45.8- 14=31.8 14-8.9=5.1 45.8-8.9=36.931.8+5.1=36.9

42. Steps  31.8/36.9=86.2% Corn  5.1/36.9=13.8% Soybean oil meal