1. How do diversity and stability depend on productivity? The relation between plant species diversity and productivity at a continental scale Australian vegetation 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 04008001200 Soil PO 4 [ppm] Number of species British herbs 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0100020003000 Plant biomass + litter Number of species Mediterranean plant plots 0 50 100 150 200 050100150 Rain [cm] Number of species

2. The relation between animal species diversity and productivity at a continental scale Texas carnivores 10 12 14 16 18 20 0100020003000 Productivity Number of species

3. 0 50 100 150 200 250 050010001500 Evapotranspiration S Palearctic birds Evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation and transpiration, hence the total amount of water going from living organismas and the soil into the atmosphere. It is a measure of total energy input

4. Bird species numbers are correlated with annual evapotranspiration and temperature.

5. Patterns of fish species richness in China’s lakes

6. Fish species richness scales significantly with altitude and maximum depth of a lake Lake volume is of minor importance

7. Main determinants of fish species richness were annual PET, altitude, and lake area.

8. From local to global patterns of energy use of single species Define: D: population density W: individual body weightPET: potential evapotransiration M: individual metabolic rate (energy use)T: temperature Empirical results Population energy use scales to body weight to -0.25 to 0.25, hence is roughly constant Energy equivalence rule Population energy use decreases or increases with evapotranspiration Often it will be roughly constant Population densities should decrease with evapotranspiration Population densities should decrease with increasing temperature

9. If total biomass is at least stable or increases with evapotranspiration we can introduce species richness into the previous equations Species richness should nonlinear increase with potential evapotranspiration

10. Global patterns in energy use and population characteristics in mammals as derived from the compilation of Currie and Fritz (1993). 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 00.511.52 Potential evapotranspiration [m / yr] log (factor) Total biomass Individual energy use Total energy use Population energy use 0 2 4 6 8 10 00.511.52 Potential evapotranspiration [m / yr] log (factor) Population biomass Population density Species richness Individual body weight

11. Gillman, Wright (2006) The influence of productivity on the species richness of plants

12. Productivity and stability Are tropical populations more stable than populations in temperate or arctic regions? There is no general latitudinal trend in population variability Vazquez, Stevens 2004

13. Today’s reading Global patterns in biodiversity: www.uesc.br/cursos/pos_graduacao/especializacao/biologia_florestas/insightn aturepadroes.pdf Diversity and stability: www.biology.lsu.edu/webfac/kharms/12DivStabDivProd.ppt