1. Stellar obliquities in exoplanetary systems
Josh Winn
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Simon Albrecht, Roberto Sanchis-Ojeda, Teruyuki Hirano
Andrew Howard, John Johnson, Geoff Marcy
Bill Cochran, Dan Fabrycky, the Kepler team

3. obliquity (n.)
1 : deviation from parallelism
2 : a deviation from moral rectitude or sound thinking

4. Eccentricity
Semimajor axis [AU]
Jupiter

5. Disk-planet interactions
Eccentricity
Low obliquity
Disk-planet interactions
Semimajor axis [AU]

6. Disk-planet interactions
Few-body dynamics
High obliquity
Eccentricity
Tidal dissipation
Low obliquity
Disk-planet interactions
Semimajor axis [AU]

7. The Sanchis–Nutzman effect

8. l = 0°

9. l = 0°

10. l = 0°

11. l = 0°

12. l = 0°

13. l = 0°

14. l = 0°
l = 100°

15. l = 0°
l = 100°

16. l = 0°
l = 100°

17. l = 0°
l = 100°

18. l = 0°
l = 100° …

19. l = 0°
l = 100° …

20. l = 0°
l = 100° …

21. … The starspot-anomaly pattern reveals the stellar obliquity
Sanchis-Ojeda et al. (2011 a,b)
Nutzman, Fabrycky, & Fortney (2011) …

22. Corot-2
Nutzman, Fabrycky, & Fortney (2011)

23. Corot-2 l = 5 ± 12° Observed Calculated (l = 0°)
Nutzman, Fabrycky, & Fortney (2011) — see also Désert et al. (2011)

24. HAT-P-11
Sanchis-Ojeda & Winn (2011)

25. Time from midtransit [days]
Sanchis-Ojeda & Winn (2011)

26. Sanchis-Ojeda & Winn (2011)

27. Sanchis-Ojeda & Winn (2011)

28. Christoph Scheiner (1573-1650)

29. The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
Flux
Time
The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect

30. The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
Doppler shift
Time
The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect

31. The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
Doppler shift
Time
The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect

32. The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
Doppler shift
Time
The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect

33. The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
Doppler shift
Time
The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect

34. The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
Doppler shift
Time
The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect

35. Measuring the projected obliquity
Queloz et al. (2000); Ohta, Taruya, & Suto (2005); Gaudi & Winn (2007)

36. Low obliquity HD 189733 l = –1.4° ± 1.1° Winn et al. (2006);
see also Triaud et al. (2009)

37. Moderate obliquity XO-3 l = 37.3° ± 3.0° Hirano et al. (2011);
see also Hébrard et al. (2008), Winn et al. (2009)

38. High obliquity (retrograde)
Winn et al. (2009)
Narita et al. (2009)
Triaud et al. (2010)

40. Valenti & Fischer (2005)
Pinsonneault et al. (2001)

41. (Zahn 1977)

42. Problem: Orbit decays on same timescale as realignment

43. Solution: Realign only the convective zone?

44. Reality

45. Constant-Q model

46. Different Q’s for realignment and orbital decay
(D. Lai, in preparation)

47. KOI-63
1.0 M , 1.0 R
P = 9.4 days
Rp = 6.5 R

48. Prot = 5.4 days
≈ (4/7) Porb

51. KOI-63

52. Current obliquity measurements

53. Current obliquity measurements
Kepler candidates

54. Current obliquity measurements
Kepler candidates
Kepler multi-planet candidates

55. Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
Starspot anomalies
Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
Rotation-rate statistics (Schlaufman 2010)
Gravity darkening (Barnes 2010, Szabo et al. 2011)
Rotational Doppler boosting (van Kerkwijk et al. 2010)
Spin precession TDVs (Damiani & Lanza 2011)
Current obliquity measurements
Kepler candidates
Kepler multi-planet candidates