1. Pesticides and Social Inequality in Nontraditional Agriculture From Cultivating Crisis by Douglas L. Murray

2. What is Nontraditional Agriculture? Oriental vegetables – Fuzzy squash, long beans, Japanese eggplant, bitter melon, etc… Specialty crops grown for Asian population in the U.S., Canada and elsewhere Grown as a cash crop, sold to many exporters, and in exchange would provide credits, inputs, or technical assistance

3. Why Central America? Cotton crisis in the 1970s caused a peak in social inequality and political instability – Want to stabilize economic region, and encourage new agricultural techniques Kissinger Commission Act recommended nontraditional agriculture to solve the economic problems

4. The Great Promise of Nontraditional Agriculture 1.Labor intensive – Reducing unemployment 2.Grown on small parcels of land – Available to small land owners 3.Highly valued – Improve flow of hard currency into region

5. Case Study 1: Dominican Republic & Oriental Vegetables In the beginning, nontraditional agriculture was very successful Satellite/Outgrower farming systems predominant – Two to three thousand small-scale producers would sell to exporters offering best price – Exporters would have little knowledge of or control over producer cultivation practices – Farmers bore much of the financial risk because they dealt with weather, pests and transportation

6. Pesticide Use by Producers “Cocktails” were a mixture of several chemicals (illegal in the U.S.) purchased from local merchants – Applied frequently on a calendar schedule Often used in excess for protection, and to insure an exportable crop In 1987 and 1988, Dominican Republic was known as having the highest rate of illegal pesticide residue in crops shipped to the U.S.

7. Cons of Pesticide Use Illegal pesticide residue on the exportation of crops cause rejections and the FDA closely monitoring all food coming to the U.S. Pesticide Treadmill: pest resistance increases and so does pesticide use Helpful insects die, causing resistant secondary pest outbreak which leads to quarantine of produce

8. Case Study 2: Honduran Melons Melons, like cantaloupe and honey dew, could provide local economic growth. Small producers were either under contracted arrangements or a plantation system

9. Same Pesticide Problem… Pesticides were used excessively to meet the standards of the U.S. Extreme application causes secondary pest outburst Lack of resources and knowledge was blamed on the small-scale farmers for problem

10. Response to Control Pesticide Use Technical Package Contracts provided – Seed, fertilizer, pesticides and regular visits by company technicians Exporters refuse to purchase produce not under contract Private agricultural technicians were employed to fight against pests Independent melon producers were eventually squeezed out of the market

11. The End of the Small-Scale Farmer Not capable of earning enough from crops – Didn’t have resources like large companies did Pest control – Large companies didn’t want to buy from them Banks limited credit because debts were not being paid back Switching crops would do no good because of small profit margin

12. Case Study 3: Guatemalan Industry To fix pesticide problem – USAID worked with primary exporters and large- scale producers – Workshops, meetings and field visits from FDA – Private specialist knowledge used in pest control – FDA stresses the importance of quality control and causes producer consolidation

13. Conclusion Intensive pesticide use creates a huge ecological crisis that fuels economic and social problems Although the true intensions of nontraditional agriculture was to create more jobs thus reducing unemployment mainly, it seemed to add to the social inequality because of the consolidation of small-scale farms into large companies. Large producers will often leave or abandon a site and find “disease-free” land ‘Comparative advantage’: an economic region collapses, reduces land and operating costs at the expense of the locals