1. Isolating the Impact of Height Dependence on Cumulus Entrainment Walter Hannah May 25 th, 2011

2. EAPSI 8 week visit (10 weeks or Japan) Myong-In Lee at Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology in South Korea

3. Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert Assume form of normalized mass fluxCalculate λ based on MSE profile Estimate the cloud work-function (i.e. CAPE) Calculate the cloud-base mass fluxCalculate large-scale tendencies

4. Problems Most cumulus schemes based on the “entraining plume” are not sensitive enough to the environmental conditions Precipitation occurs too often Precipitation occurs too early Tropical wave and MJO variability is unrealistic These problems are typically addressed with arbitrary trigger conditions Environmental Humidity(Wang and Schlesinger, 1999) Entrainment(Tokioka et al, 1988) Large scale vertical velocity(Kain and Fritsch, 1992) Cloud base height(Lee et al, 2008) Precipitation evaporation(Sud and Walker, 1993) Convective inhibition(Kain and Fritsch, 1992)

5. Chikira and Sugiyama (2010) Closure based on kinetic energy instead of mass flux Entrainment rate is assumed to be inversely related to vertical velocity Improved performance is credited to having large entrainment at low levels Gregory (2001)Neggers et al. (2002)Pan and Randall (1998)

8. Height Dependent Entrainment RAS constant entrainment RAS linear entrainment

9. The Normalized Mass Flux

10. Chikira’s Test Case Input profile calculated from TOGA-COARE – Precipitation rate > 20 mm/day

16. SCM Results: GATE

17. SCM Results: TOGA-COARE

18. Diurnal Cycle Application Lee et al. (2007) showed that only certain trigger mechanisms can significantly effect the diurnal timing of precipitation – Height of starting level Defined as level of maximum MSE within 300 hPa from the surface – Convective inhibition The LFC is constrained to be within 150 hPa from the starting level for convection to activate Can modifying the cloud base entrainment have the same effect? Lee et al. (2007)

19. Diurnal Cycle Application Lee et al. (2007)

20. Is Height Dependence Realistic? Romps (2010) presented a method for a direct measure of entrainment rate in LES models Entrainment and detrainment are sources and sinks of cloud air

21. Romps (2010) Entrainment rate was found not to vary significantly with height Entrainment did not scale with vertical velocity or buoyancy

22. Romps (2010) Cloud air defined by moisture only Cloud air defined by moisture and vertical velocity

23. Questions? Suggestions?