1. Artificial Intelligence

2. Where is the dog in this Image?

3. Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (Book Def.) – The study of computer systems that model and apply the intelligence of the human mind
Used to develop software and machines that emulate human qualities such as learning, reasoning, communicating, seeing, and hearing
Areas include
Expert systems
Natural language processing
Neural networks
Intelligent agents
Virtual reality and simulation devices
Pattern recognition
Fuzzy logic
Robotics

4. Knowledge Representation
Semantic network: A knowledge representation technique that represents the relations between objects. It is a directed or undirected graph consisting of vertices, which represent concepts, and edges.
Gender
Person
Student
John
Male ID
Sims
Dorm
Brown
Eye Color
Eye color
Instance of
Lives in
Has a
Is a

5. Search Trees
Search tree: A structure that represent alternatives in various situations such as game playing
Depth-First Search
Breadth-First Search

6. Breadth First vs. Depth First Search
Depth First Breadth First

7. Breadth First vs. Depth First Search
Which type of search would return the result the fastest for: M? K? D? G?

8. Expert Systems Three components of an expert system Knowledge base
An expert system’s database of knowledge about a particular subject
Inference engine
The software that controls the search of the expert system’s knowledge base and produces conclusions
User interface
The display screen the user used to interact with the expert system

9. Artificial Intelligence
Natural language processing
Allows users to interact with a system using normal language.
Voice recognition – recognizing human words
Language comprehension – interpreting human communication
Voice synthesis – recreating human speech
Challenges of natural language processing?
Intelligent agents
A form of software with built-in intelligence that monitors work patterns, asks questions, and performs work tasks on your behalf
Pattern recognition
Involves software that identify recurring patterns and maps the pattern against patterns stored in a database

10. Artificial Intelligence
Fuzzy logic
A method of dealing with imprecise data and uncertainty, with problems that have many answers rather than one
Virtual reality
A computer-generated artificial reality that projects a person into a sensation of 3-D space
Often used with simulators to represent the behavior of physical or abstract systems

11. Background of Robotics
Idea of artificial people dates all the way back to Greek Mythology
One of the first recorded designs was by Da Vinci
What Classifies a Robot? Experts Say:
Artificially created
Reacting to external environment
Can manipulate environment
Is programmable
Can Move

12. What Are Robots Used For?
Right now Robots are used for
Entertainment
Car Production
Jobs Too Dangerous for Humans
Vacuum Cleaner (Like from the commercial)
Companionship to Humans (Aibo)
Many other things

13. What Could Robots Be Used For?
Future Plans for Robotics include:
Assistance to the Elderly or Disabled
Medical Field
Space
Personal Service Robots

14. Science Fiction and Robotics
Isaac Asimov
Three Laws of Robotics:
A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm
A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law
A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

15. Can Robots act Ethically?
Serious Questions Must be Raised

16. Decisions, Decisions
Computers have algorithms and strict rules to guide action
Human Decisions
Not based on rules alone
Also judgment and conscience
If a robot could think ethically, whose ethics would it follow?

17. Robotics
The development and study of machines that can perform work that is normally done by people
Subsumption architecture
Commonly found in manufacturing plants and also in situations where people would be in danger
Nuclear plants
Assembly lines, especially paint lines
Checking for land mines
Fighting oil-well fires

18. Robotics Two main Categories of Robots
Fixed – stay put, generally have one specific task things around it move (assembly line)
Mobile – move about and interact with the environment around it.
Mobile Robotics - the study of robots that move relative to their environment
Sense-Plan-Act (SPA) paradigm – steps of a mobile robot completing some action.
(SENSING -> WORLD MODELING -> PLANNING -> CONTROL -> EXECUTION)
Sensing – sensor data input some knowledge from the outside world
World Modeling – interprets and models the input from sensing
Planning - Interpreted model is used generate a plan of action
Control – Robot’s control system (the hardware) is used to carry out the plan.
Execution – Plan carried out through execution
Main challenge of SPA Paradigm – new sensory data comes in so fast and must be processed so fast that it is extremely difficult to use.

19. Weak & Strong AI Weak vs. Strong A.I.
Weak A.I. claims computers can be programmed to simulate human cognition
Strong A.I. claims that computers can think on a level that is equal to or better than humans, and can also achieve consciousness
Cyc approach to strong A.I.
A database in Austin, TX that holds 1.4 million basic truths
Plan is that Cyc will automatically make human-like assumptions
Hope is that Cyc will learn on its own
Cog approach to strong A.I.
MIT project that is a humanoid robot
Tries to identify and search for patterns instead of following rules and facts

20. Testing Intelligence Test for Human Intelligence
In 1950, Allen Turing predicted computers would be able to mimic human thinking
The Turing test determines whether the machine is human
Judge is in another location and doesn’t see the computer
If the computer can fool the judge, it is said to be intelligent
Weak equivalence: The equality of two systems based on the results
Strong equivalence: The equality of two systems based on their results and the process by which the results were reached

21. Turing Test
Interrogator (C) must determine which respondent is a computer and which is human.