1. Chapter 5 Reading 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.15 Important Concepts Energy Definition of energy Forms of energy Chemical reactions ATP, the energy molecule Energy coupling Enzymes

2. Chapter 6 Reading 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.10, 6.11, 6.12, 6.13, 6.15 26.7, 26.8 Important Concepts Energy Metabolism: Cellular Respiration Energy flow through the biological world Chemical equation of cellular respiration Oxidation/Reduction reactions Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Electron transport ATP synthesis Fermentation Protein and fat metabolism Metabolism and disease

3. Chapter 7 Reading 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.11 Important Concepts Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis Plant Cells and Chloroplasts Chemical equation of photosynthesis Properties of light and pigments ATP and NADPH synthesis (light reactions) Glucose synthesis (Calvin cycle)

4. Chapter 8 Reading 8.1, 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.9, 8.11, 8.12, 8.13, 8.14, 8.15, 8.17, 8.19, 8.20, 8.21 10.4 Important Concepts Cell Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis Mitotic cell divisions and cell number Chromosomes and karyotypes Aneuploid Syndromes Mitotic cell cycle DNA replication M-phase (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

5. Glycolysis “Splitting of glucose” into two 3-carbon molecules TCA Cycle (Citric acid cycle, Krebs Cycle) Some ATP synthesis Some NADH synthesis (takes up electrons) CO 2 production Some ATP synthesis Some NADH synthesis (takes up electrons) Electron Transport (Oxidative Phosphorylation) NADH gives up electrons O 2 converted to H 2 O Lots of ATP synthesis!!!!! Cellular Respiration

6. Brown Fat and Heat Generation Brown fat cells

7. Uncoupling Electron Transport from ATP SynthesisUncoupling Electron Transport from ATP Synthesis Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

9. Regulation of Blood Glucose Hormone: Insulin Insulin is produced in the pancreas Insulin stimulates: Glucose uptake Glycogen synthesis Glycolysis/TCA cycle

10. Insulin Hormone Made in the pancreas Response to high glucose

12. Type I Diabetes Autoimmune Disease At risk for: Diabetic ketoacidosis (coma) Kidney failure Failure to produce insulin Circulatory problems

13. Tumor Development

14. No O 2 Cancer Cells

15. PET Scanning for Tumors Lymphoma with brain, chest and spleen involvement Radioactive glucose injection Wait ~ 45 minutes PET scan

16. Time Mitotic Cell Division

17. Human Haploid Chromosome Set

18. Y58 Mbp397 5 2 13 3 6 4 7 8 9 11 10 14 12 15 16 17 19 20 18 21 X 22 1 ChromosomeDNA sizeGene #ChromosomeDNA SizeGene # 155 Mbp1606 83550 Mbp 47 Mbp425 62 Mbp857 64 Mbp1992 76 Mbp517 79 Mbp1714 89 Mbp1318 100 Mbp1202 106 Mbp1453 3380247 Mbp 243 Mbp2204 1760200 Mbp 191 Mbp1361 181 Mbp1536 1959171 Mbp 159 Mbp1764 1247146 Mbp 140 Mbp1435 1305135 Mbp 134 Mbp2051 132 Mbp1629 649114 Mbp

19. Human Karyotypes FemaleMale

20. Homologous Chromosomes PM P = Paternal M = Maternal

21. Human Haploid Chromosome Set or

22. X Chromosome 155 Million base pairs (bp) 1606 Genes Muscular Dystrophy (Duchenne) Adrenoleukodystrophy Hemophilia A Hemophilia B Green Color Blindness Red Color Blindness X-linked Traits

23. X Chromosome FemaleMale

24. Y Chromosome 58 Million base pairs (bp) 397 Genes

25. Down Syndrome Karyotype Trisomy 21

27. Frequency of Aneuploid Syndromes

28. Amniocentesis Karyotype analysis 14-16 weeks Fig. 24-11 Pg. 644