1. Alarm Phase: Catecholamines: epinephrine and norepineprhine Adrenal Gland Sympathetic Neuron epinephrine Releases norepineprhine onto these tissues

2. hypothalamus pituitary adrenal Glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone

3. 6050403020100 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Pre-storm (n=3) Storm (n=8) Calm (n=8) Time after capture (min) Corticosterone, ng/ml

4. Effects of Glucocorticoids Increase circulating glucose Suppress the immune system Suppress reproductive behavior Suppress growth Multiple behavioral effects, dependent on species… – e.g. Induce territory abandonment Increase foraging Reduce parental care Emergency Life History Stage

5. The stress response alarm and resistance Maximizes glucose in the blood Maximizes glucose and oxygen delivery to critical tissues Shuts down non-critical activities (redirects physiology and behavior) – Digestion – Reproduction – Growth

6. glucose mobilization Breakdown of protein to make glucose Inhibit immune system Decreased parental care Decrease reproduction Energy depletion Muscle wasting Increase parasite load, can’t fight disease, infection Loss of young Total loss of fitness for the season Acute Responses to StressChronic Stimulation

7. PESASESAWESAREPH 0 20 40 60 80 Males Females Magnitude ofCorticosterone Increase, ng/ml Pectoral Sandpiper Semipalmated Sandpiper Red Phalarope 98 11 13 85 F M + F MParental care? :

8. Time after capture (mintues) CORT (ng/ml) BENIGN BREEDING ENVIRONMENT HARSH BREEDING ENVIRONMENT 15103060 winter 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 summer 15103060 0 10 20 30 40 50 summer winter Cactus Wren Black-throated sparrow 15103060 0 10 20 30 40 50 Abert's Towhee 15103060 0 10 20 30 40 summer winter Inca Dove

9. Energy and Homeostasis: Definitions Homeostasis: maintenance of basic systems essential for life: pH, glucose, temp, salts, oxygen But: homeostasis must be supported as environmental conditions or life history stage changes……SO: – Basic—maintenance of basic systems – Regulated— homeostasis through life history changes – Facultative— homeostasis under non-ideal conditions or unpredictable changes Stress: when energy required to maintain homeostasis is greater than the energy available (negative energy balance)

10. Corticosterone and Body Condition fence lizard

11. EIEI E ENERGY TIME E I = E E = E O = Energy Model EGEG E G =