1. Allele Genotype vs. Phenotype Flashcard Warm-up
For any trait, such as hair color, there are different forms of the protein that create the different hair colors. Each different form is called an allele. We use capital letters to represent dominant alleles and lower case letters to represent the recessive alleles.
Genotype vs. Phenotype
Genotype is the genetic makeup (AA, Aa, or aa)
Phenotype is the physical trait, a result of the genotype

2. Where did my traits come from??
Unit 10- Genetics
Where did my traits come from??

3. Inheritance of chromosomes
Egg + sperm  zygote
egg
meiosis
zygote
mitosis & development
fertilization
sperm

4. Traits: physical or physiological characteristics; like eye color, or blood type
Phenotype: individual’s observable trait; brown hair

5. Genes: Portion of DNA that make proteins that control our traits and are found on chromosomes.
Chromosomes exist in pairs, one from sperm one from egg.
Alleles: different versions of genes; blue eye gene, brown eye gene; we use letters to represent alleles
Alleles are inherited separately from each parent.

6. How does this work? Paired chromosomes have same kind of genes
but may be different alleles
eye color
(blue?)
eye color
(brown?)
hair color

7. Genes affect what you look likeX bb BB Bb Bb Bb Bb
Where did the blue eyes go??

8. Genes affect what you look like…X bb Bb Bb Bb bb bb
Why did the blue eyes stay??

9. What is a genotype and how do we write it?
Genotype: the genetic makeup
(the alleles you received from mom and dad)
Examples of genotypes:
Homozygous: Identical copies;
AA – homozygous dominant
aa - homozygous recessive
Dominant genes mask or hide recessive
Heterozygous: one dominant and one recessive; Aa
2 people can have the same appearance but have different genetics: BB vs Bb

10. Mendelian Genetics: Gregor Mendel : Father of Genetics
Studied pea plants
Why pea plants?

11. Mendel’s Principles Three Principles:
1. Principle of Dominance: dominant alleles can mask/ hide recessive alleles
Homozygous dominant: AA; Dominant trait is expressed
Heterozygous: Aa; dominant masks/hides recessive and is expressed
Homozygous recessive: aa; recessive trait is expressed
2. Principle of Segregation: to separate, each parent can only pass on one allele per trait
3. Principle of Independent Assortment: genes on separate chromosomes are passed on independently from one another.

12. Principle of Segragation

13. Principle of Independent Assortment

14. Punnett squares B b BB Bb B b Bb bb Bb x Bb male / sperm female / eggs

15. Flashcard Warm-up Mendel’s Principles of Inheritance:
Use your notes from yesterday to write down and briefly EXPLAIN the three principles

16. Punnett Squares
Monohybrid cross: a Punnett square involving only one trait; 4 boxes
Dihybrid cross: a punnett square involving two traits; 16 boxes

17. Flashcard Warm-Up Trait: Free earlobes- dominant = F
Attached earlobes- recessive = f
A woman has free earlobes, what are two possible genotypes she might have?
The genotype for a man is Ff, what is his phenotype?
What is a gene?

18. Incompletely Dominant
Flashcard Warm-up
Codominant
If two alleles are codominant, they are equally strong. Both alleles would be seen in the phenotype. An example is crossing a black chicken with a white chicken and the offspring having both black and white feathers.
Incompletely Dominant
Neither allele is dominant, so when both alleles are present they mix or blend. These alleles are written with ONE letter that has a prime ‘

19. Non Mendelian Genetics:
Codominance: Both alleles are equally dominant and will be expressed
Phenotype:
3 possibilities
Genotype:
2 Capital letters; BB, WW, or BW
Red hair is dominant RR
Roan is a mixture of red and white hair- RW
White hair is dominant WW

20. Codominant Example:
Cross a black cow with a white cow. Both hair colors are dominant.

21. Incomplete Dominance
Phenotype: neither allele is completely dominant to mask the other
Genotype: heterozygous RR’ results in a blended phenotype , capital letters for both traits and use a prime ‘ symbol for one
RR RR’ R’R’

22. Incomplete Dominance Example
Cross a white flowered plant with a pink flower. Both white and red are incompletely dominant.

23. Ticket Out the Door
A) If feather color in a species of birds in codominant, cross a white bird with a black and white spotted bird. List all possible phenotypes.
B) If fur color is incompletely dominant, cross a gray fur dog with a black dog. List all possible phenotypes.

24. Polygenic trait Flashcard Warm-up Sex chromosomes
trait determined by many genes, results in a wide range of phenotypes
Examples include height, skin color, hair color
Sex chromosomes
For humans, the last set of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes that determine the gender. Females have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y. Examples of sex-linked traits are colorblindness and hemophilia, these traits are carried on the X chromosome.

25. Multiple Alleles: more than two alleles exist for a trait
Blood Type:
Phenotype: Type A, AB, B, O
Genotype: IAIA or IAi IAIB IBIB or IBi ii

26. Blood donation clotting clotting clotting clotting clotting clotting

27. Blood Type Example
Cross a heterozygous type A mom with a Type O dad. What is the chance they have a child with Type O blood?

28. Sex Linked: trait found on the X sex chromosome
Phenotype: Female – less likely but can show a sex-linked trait
Genotype: XA XA, XA Xa , XaXa
Phenotype: Male – sex-linked traits show up more because they have XY sex chromosomes,
Genotype: XA Y, XaY
No male carriers for a sex-linked trait

29. Sex-linked Example
Cross a colorblind dad with a mom who is a carrier. What is the chance of this couple having a son who is not colorblind?

30. Polygenetic
Traits that depend on many genes and create a range of phenotypes. Ex. Height, skin color NO PUNNETT SQUARE!

31. Human skin color AaBbCc x AaBbCc can produce a wide range of shades
most children = intermediate skin color
some can be very light & very dark

32. Nature vs. Nurture: Nature is heredity – your DNA
Nurture is your environment
The debate: Which has a greater influence?
Example: We use identical twins to study the effects of the environment on genes.

33. Ticket Out the Door
1. A sex-linked trait is found on the __ chromosome.
2. Cross a mom with type AB blood with a dad who is type O. List all possible phenotypes.