1. Primitives in Java Java has eight primitive types –boolean –integral types: signed: long, int, short, byte unsigned: char –floating point types: double, float Values of the primitive types are not objects –no properties –no capabilities

2. boolean values: true, false operations: –&&“and” –||“or” –!“not”

3. int values: 0, 1, -1, 2, -2, … maximum int: 4294967295/2 (=2 32-1 -1) fix this minimum int: -4294967295/2 (=-2 32-1 ) operations: + - * / % 5+2 = 7+: (int,int)  int 5-2 = 3-: (int,int)  int 5*2 = 10*: (int,int)  int 5/2 = 2 (quotient) /: (int,int)  int 5%2 = 1 (remainder)%: (int,int)  int

4. integral types’ representations representation used differs according to whether type is signed (byte, short, int, long) or unsigned (char): –signed integral values are represented using “two’s complement” representation –unsigned integral values are represented using “binary” representation size of representation differs according to type: –byte is 1 byte wide (1 byte = 8 bits) –short is 2 bytes wide –int is 4 bytes wide –long is 8 bytes wide main point: values of different types have different representations – you can’t “mix and match”!

5. types of operators for type int Notice that all of these operators take two int arguments, and produce an int result. There is hardware circuitry to perform these operations.

6. double values: 0.0, 1.0, -3.5, 3141.5926535e-3 inexact representation (!) operations: + - * / 5.0 + 2.0 = 7.0+: (double,double)  double 5.0 – 2.0 = 3.0-: (double,double)  double 5.0 * 2.0 = 10.0*: (double,double)  double 5.0 / 2.0 = 2.5/: (double,double)  double

7. floating point types’ representation both double and float use the IEEE754 representation scheme size of representation differs according to type: –the representation of a float is 4 bytes wide –the representation of a double is 8 bytes wide main point: values of different types have different representations – you can’t “mix and match”!

8. mixing types in expressions Operators such as +, -, * and / are overloaded: the same name has many different values + overloaded as String concatenation too! “Good” + “ ” + “morning!”  “Good morning!” What happens in an expression which mixes values of different types? 5 + 2.5 = ???? 5 is coerced to its equivalent double value, 5.0: 5.0 + 2.5 = 7.5 Type coercion happens only from “smaller” type to “larger” type (e.g. int  double, not double  int)