2.  Firewalls and Application Level Gateways (ALGs)  Usually configured to protect from at least two types of attack ▪ Control sites which local users connect to ▪ (Try to) limit attacks coming from the Internet  Firewalls check TCP ports and destination addresses  ALGs verify that the nature of the traffic crossing the network boundary is conforming to the security policies and that is not malicious

3.  Tunneling techniques  Disguise one application-layer protocol into another one  Make security policies ineffective and can lead to a dangerous illusion of security  Can be based on DNS, HTTP or SSH protocols

4.  Packets are encoded at the application-layer conforming to specific allowed protocol(s).  Most commonly, three protocols are used to tunnel Internet traffic: DNS, HTTP, SSH.

5.  DNS Tunneling  Exploits the way regular DNS requests for a given domain are forwarded  Powerful technique since DNS is rarely blocked  Can rarely achieve throughputs higher than a few kb/s due to the mechanism’s complexity and is therefore rarely used

6.  HTTP Tunneling  The packets of the tunneled flow are encoded so that they can be incorporated in one or more regular, semantically valid HTTP sessions  SSH Tunneling  SSH tunneling is also known as port forwarding ▪ Deep-packet-inspection techniques become useless due to data encryption ▪ Therefore, today’s ALGs allow any protocol to be tunneled through SSH ▪ That makes SSH tunneling a very powerful technique

8.  The two previous authentication phases are not used by possible tunnels:  The host authentication is not encrypted therefore its packets can be easily discarded.  The user authentication is encrypted therefore it is difficult to know when it ends and the actual data exchange begins.

9.  Definition: Automatic (machine) recognition, description, classification, and grouping of patterns according to specific features.  If the information about how to group the data into classes is known before examining the data, the approach is called supervised, otherwise it is called unsupervised  The goal of a pattern recognition technique is to represent each element as a pattern and to assign the pattern to the class that best describes it

10.  Stages in a pattern recognition problem Data collection Feature selection or feature extraction Definition of patterns and classes Definition and application of the discrimination procedure Assessment and interpretation of results

11.  Class description…revisited  Once classes have been identified, a training set T s (ω i ) can be created for every class ω i  A thorough inspection of T s can lead to an analytical model describing the corresponding class  Then, a decision function f has to be determined with input the observed data x and output a prediction of the class that generated it, ω(x) = f(x)

12.  Aims at detecting tunneling activities over the HTTP and SSH protocols  Focuses on building an accurate description of legitimate traffic  Builds on known pattern recognition techniques

13.  Building patterns and classes (1/2)  The features are gathered directly from the legitimate flows composing the TCP session  TCP flow represented by a pattern which takes into account the: ▪ packet size s i ▪ inter-arrival time Δt between two consecutive packets ▪ number of packets r that are useful for measurement

14.  Building patterns and classes (2/2)  Class model: the concept of protocol fingerprint ▪ A protocol may be used for N different purposes ▪ Issue: How many classes one has to consider ▪ Two approaches to the issue 1.Train the classifier with flows from a single target class (one-class classifier) 2.New classes composed of outlier flows are added to the analysis (multi-class classifier)

15.  One-class tunnel detection algorithm  Algorithm definition: the decision function ▪ App = The application-layer protocol that is examined ▪ ω t = The acceptance region (“legitimate” use of App) ▪ ω r = The rejected region (complementary to ω t ) ▪ Given an unknown flow F, the algorithm compares its pattern representation with the fingerprint (for ω t and ω r ) and returns an index of (dis-)similarity (anomaly score)

16.  Tunnel Hunter can perform better if is provided with more knowledge about the nature of the traffic.  Multi-class classification adds an outlier class ω o which can reduce the number of cases where the uncertainty could allow a packet that should have been rejected.

18.  Experiments are for HTTP and SSH  Run on a 100Base-TX link  Packet size s range [40, 1500]  Inter-arrival times Δt range [10 -7, 10 3 ] sec

19.  The HTTP case (1/2)  20,000 flows used for gathering the training sets T s and T ” s  About 17,000 tunneled sessions were collected, divided among four protocols: POP3, SMTP, CHAT, P2P  At the same time, about 15,000 non-tunneled sessions were collected in order to detect if the classifier lets legitimate HTTP traffic to pass

20.  The HTTP case (2/2)

21.  The SSH case (1/2)  4,000 flows used for gathering the training sets T s and T ” s  About 10,000 tunneled sessions were collected, divided among four protocols: POP3, SMTP, CHAT, P2P  At the same time, about 600 interactive sessions and about 1700 bulk-transfer sessions were collected in order to detect if the classifier lets legitimate SSH/SCP traffic to pass

22.  The SSH case (2/2)

23.  State A results (same as in one-class algorithm)

24.  State B results

25.  State C results

26.  Tunnel Hunter problems  If an SSH tunnel is initially used for remote administration and then for tunneling other protocols ▪ The first state is legitimate and the classifier will label the session as authorized  Sensitive to packet-size and timing value manipulation

27.  Tunnel Hunter can successfully recognize whenever a generic application protocol is tunneled on top of HTTP or SSH  Increasing the knowledge of the system can significantly improve its performance  The experimental results are very promising  Virtually no legitimate traffic is blocked  The vast majority of tunneled traffic is blocked  Completeness near 100% (exactly 100% for HTTP)

28.  Tunnel Hunter can be used to improve existing ALGs  By augmenting their ability to recognize tunneled traffic  The model can be improved  By introducing new variables and studying better the role of the existing variables in order to produce stronger fingerprints

29. Questions?