1. Green Chemistry Solutions for Industrialization

2. Reduction of Air Pollution and Acid Rain Coal fired plants produce about 40% of the world’s electricity supply. These plants also produce air pollutants including SO 2, NO, NO 2, particulate bound Hg, particulate matter. Air pollution controls are designed into new plants or retrofitted to existing ones.

3. Removal of SO 2 and Hg Scrubbers installed after the combustion process capture – SO 2 by FGD: flue gas desulfurization via rxn with CaCO 3 or CaO to make CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O = gypsum; ε up to 99% http://www.graymont- ut.com/applications_flue_gas.shtml – Hg by PM removal via FGD, SCR (selective catalytic reduction), ESP (electrostatic precipitators); ε up to 98% http://www.epa.gov/mercury/control_emissions/tech _exist.htm http://www.epa.gov/mercury/control_emissions/tech _exist.htm

4. Removal of NO x and Particulates – NO x by SCR: selective catalytic reduction via catalytic conversion to N 2 and water using NH 3 ; ε up to 95% http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_catalytic_redu ction#Power_plants http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_catalytic_redu ction#Power_plants – Particulates by ESP: electrostatic precipitators and FF: fabric filters; ε up to 99.5% Summary and cost issues http://www.iea- coal.org.uk/publishor/system/component_view.a sp?LogDocId=81457

5. Reduce Global Warming by Reducing CO 2 Considerable research is directed at capturing and sequestering and/or converting carbon dioxide to reduce its presence in the atmosphere. – Pump CO 2 into spent oil or natural gas wells – Store CO 2 as in ice in ocean depths – Absorb CO 2 from power plant flues (membranes) – Convert CO 2 to fuels, other non-greenhouse gas chemicals (C, CO, HCOOH, carbonates). http://economy.mse.uiuc.edu/CO2.htm http://economy.mse.uiuc.edu/CO2.htm

6. US power plants produce 2.5E12 ton CO 2 /yr; capture costs $60/ton today but the goal is $30/ton What consumers can do: http://www.carbonify.com/articles/carbon- dioxide-reduction-tips.htm

7. Non-Fossil Fuel Energy Sources Vegetable oil  biodiesel Corn  ethanol Add switchgrass to coal (US has 27% world coal; Saudi Arabia has 20% world oil) Artificial photosynthesis to make H 2 from water and sunlight H 2 O + light  H 2 + ½ O 2 Enhance solar cell with dye to increase eff. WindSolarNuclearHydroelec

8. Water Safe clean drinking water is essential to life. Protect and conserve existing fresh water sources Create more efficient ways to clean polluted water and to desalinate sea water. 71% of earth is covered by water – 97% of earth’s water = salty – 2% is frozen in ice caps and glaciers – 1% is fresh water that must be purified for use

9. Ways to Reduce Water Pollution Public education: expired or unused prescriptions, OTC meds, household cleaning products, cosmetics, paints,...are collected by WLSSD Replace Hg thermometers Public and personal conservation and recycling: note that 150 gal of water are needed to make one loaf of bread; 1,800 gal for one pair of jeans; 39,000 gal for one car.

10. Ways to Reduce Water Pollution Govt regulations against and continuous monitoring to prevent dumping industrial waste into bodies of water and on land (ground water) Municipal water treatment plants (developed nations) PUR packs = NaClO-disinfectant + FeSO 4 - removes dirt, heavy metals, pesticides (developing nations)

11. Green Chemistry: The Next Industrial Revolution? HAMLEY, P. and POLAIKOFF, M., 2001. Green Chemistry: The Next Industrial Revolution?. The Chemical Engineer, 721, 24-27. Green Chemistry: Development and discovery of innovative strategies and methods to reduce the environmental impact of the chemical industry (production and processes). Sustainable, benign and non-polluting.

12. Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry EPA 1.Prevent waste 2.Design safer chemicals 3.Design less hazardous chemical syntheses 4.Use renewable feedstocks 5.Use catalysts 6.Avoid chemical derivatives 7.Maximize atom economy

13. Twelve Principles 8.Use safer solvents 9.Increase energy efficiency 10.Design chemicals and products to degrade after use 11. Analyze in real time to prevent pollution 12.Minimize potential for accidents http://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/pubs/princ iples.html

14. Application of the 12 Principles to a Chemical Reaction (handout)

15. Examples of 12 Principles Green Bleaching (2, 4, 5) http://portal.acs.org/portal/fileFetch/C/CTP_0 05623/pdf/CTP_005623.pdf http://portal.acs.org/portal/fileFetch/C/CTP_0 05623/pdf/CTP_005623.pdf Biodiesel-derived glycerol (4) http://profmaster- news.blogspot.com/2008/09/now-acrolein-is- green-chemical.html http://profmaster- news.blogspot.com/2008/09/now-acrolein-is- green-chemical.html

16. More Examples of 12 Principles Pharma (8) http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/20 08/July/09070801.asp http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/20 08/July/09070801.asp Microreactor Technology

17. http://www.stanford.edu/group/swain/cgi- bin/blog/2008/11/06/acs-global- challengeschemistry-solutions/ http://www.stanford.edu/group/swain/cgi- bin/blog/2008/11/06/acs-global- challengeschemistry-solutions/