1. Thomas Kuhn ( )

2. reflection #1 What is Kuhn’s thesis in the excerpts we read for today?
Explain the stages scientific revolutions, according to Kuhn.

3. the structure of scientific revolutions:
Pre-science 
Result fails to conform to the paradigm? Fault of researcher.
Normal science/ central paradigm   
New paradigm
More anomalous results?  
CRISIS!

4. ….so what? Why does this matter?
so…science develops via paradigm shifts…
….so what? Why does this matter?

5. progress is reconceived.

6. “Perhaps science does not develop by the accumulation of individual discoveries and inventions” (2).

7. science becomes as act of many, rather than an act of one.

8. Scientific discovery “is seldom completed by a single [hu]man and never overnight” (7).

9. science reflects values.

10. “the particular conclusions [a scientist] does arrive at are probably determined by…prior experience…and by his[/her] own individual makeup” (4).
“the criteria of choice…function not as rules…but as values, which influence it” (The Essential Tension).

11. pluralism becomes possible.

12. (The Essential Tension).
“When scientists must choose between competing theories, two [individuals] fully committed to the same list of criteria for choice may nevertheless reach different conclusions”
(The Essential Tension).

13. story-telling matters!

14. “History, we too often say, is a purely descriptive discipline
“History, we too often say, is a purely descriptive discipline. The theses suggested above are, however, often interpretive and sometimes normative” (8).