1. Midterm 1 Oct. 21 in class

2. Read this article by Wednesday next week!

3. Cognitive Psychology High resolution instrumentation is of no use if you don’t understand the cognitive operations that you are trying to image Cognitive psychologists have worked to understand mental operations for over a century The enterprise of Cognitive Neuroscience is predicated on cognitive psychology

4. Temporal and Spatial Resolution are Traded Off

5. Comparing Imaging Techniques - Advantages fMRI –ubiquitous –high spatial resolution –non-invasive/safe PET –quiet –labels variety of molecules EEG/ERP –inexpensive –high temporal resolution –non-invasive/safe MEG –high-temporal resolution –good but limited spatial resolution –non-invasive/safe Unit Recording –very high spatial resolution –high temporal resolution Lesions –real-life

6. Comparing Imaging Techniques - Disadvantages fMRI –loud –expensive –limited temporal resolution PET –very expensive –limited safety –invasive –limited temporal resolution EEG/ERP –limited spatial resolution –can be difficult to interpret MEG –limited spatial resolution –difficult to interpret Unit Recording –very invasive –can be hard to see “big picture” Lesions –very invasive

7. There is no “best” level of explanation There is only a level of explanation that is most appropriate for your goals –E.g. cognitive psychologist exploring behavioural treatments for ADHD vs. Molecular neuroscientist pursuing “rational drug design” for ADHD

8. Cognitive Operations What does the brain actually do? Some possible answers: –“The mind” –Information processing… –Transforms of mental representations –Execution of mental representations of actions

9. First Principles “cognitive operations are processes that generate, elaborate upon, or manipulate representations” –As patterns of activity in one or more neurons –We often lack conscious access to these representations –Neuroscientists still know very little about how information is represented in the brain

10. Mental Representations Mental representations can start with sensory input and progress to more abstract forms –Local features such as colors, line orientation, brightness, motion are represented at low levels How might a neuron “represent” the presence of this line?

11. Mental Representations Mental representations can start with sensory input and progress to more abstract forms –Local features such as colors, line orientation, brightness, motion are represented at low levels A “labeled line” -Activity on this unit “means” that a line is present -Does the line actually have to be present?

12. Mental Representations Mental representations can start with sensory input and progress to more abstract forms –texture defined boundaries are representations arrived at by synthesizing the local texture features

13. Mental Representations Mental representations can be “embellished” - Kaniza Triangle is represented in a way that is quite different from the actual stimulus -the representation is embellished and extended

14. Mental Representations Mental Representations can be transformed –Rubin Vase, Necker Cube are examples of mental representations that are dynamic

15. Mental Representations Mental Representations can be transformed –Shepard & Metzlar (1971) mental rotation is an example of transforming a mental representation in a continuous process Mentally rotate the images to determine whether they are identical or mirror-reversed SAME MIRROR-REVERSED

16. Mental Representations Mental Representations can be transformed –Shepard & Metzlar (1971) mental rotation is an example of transforming a mental representation in a continuous process

17. Mental Representations Mental Representations can be transformed –Shepard & Metzlar (1971) mental rotation is an example of transforming a mental representation in a continuous process

18. Mental Representations Mental Representations can be transformed –Shepard & Metzlar (1971) mental rotation is an example of transforming a mental representation in a continuous process

19. Mental Representations Mental Representations can be transformed –Shepard & Metzlar (1971) mental rotation is an example of transforming a mental representation in a continuous process –The time it takes to respond is linearly determined by the number of degrees one has to rotate –Somehow the brain must perform a set of operations on these representations - where? how?

20. Mental Representations Mental Representations can be transformed into abstract information representations –Posner letter matching task –Are these letters from the same category (vowels or consonants) or are they different?

21. Mental Representations Mental Representations can be transformed into abstract information representations –Posner letter matching task –Are these letters from the same category (vowels or consonants) or are they different? –Are they physically the same or are they the same in an abstract way - they are in the same category? A AaAa AUAU SCSC ASAS SAME DIFFERENT

22. Mental Representations Mental Representations can be transformed into abstract information representations –Posner letter matching task –Participants are fastest when the response doesn’t require transforming the representation from a direct manifestation of the stimulus into something more abstract

23. Mental Representations Mental Representations can interfere –Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour

24. Mental Representations Mental Representations can interfere –Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour RED

25. Mental Representations Mental Representations can interfere –Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour BLUE

26. Mental Representations Mental Representations can interfere –Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour GREEN

27. Mental Representations Mental Representations can interfere –Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour RED

28. Mental Representations Mental Representations can interfere –Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour BLUE

29. Mental Representations Mental Representations can interfere –Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour GREEN

30. Mental Representations Mental Representations can interfere –Stroop task: name the colour in which the word is printed (I.e. don’t read the word, just say the colour –The mental representation of the colour and the representation of the text are incongruent and interfere –one representation must be selected and the other suppressed –This is one conceptualization of attention

31. Mental Representations These are some examples of how a cognitive psychologist might investigate mental representations The cognitive neuroscientists asks: –where are these representations formed? –What is the neural mechanism? What is the code for a representation? –What is the neural process by which representations are transformed?

32. First Principles What are some ways that information might be represented by neurons?

33. First Principles What are some ways that information might be represented by neurons? –Magnitude might be represented by firing rate (e.g. brightness) –Presence or absence of a feature or piece of information might be represented by whether certain neurons are active or not – the “labeled line” (e.g. color, orientation, pitch) –Conjunctions of features might be represented by coordinated activity between two such labeled lines –Binding of component features might be represented by synchronization of units in a network