1. Truphena Mogaka M.P.H Student PUBH –6165-5 Dr. Raymond Thron Term 2, 2011

2. The Anophele mosquito Photo courtesy of CDC Malaria infection occurs when there Is an interaction between human blood And the Anophele mosquito

3. Outline Purpose, audience, geographical regions Economic burden Statistics/mortality/morbidity Causes/plasmodium Transmission mode/life cycles Environmental factors Impact on community health Prevention methods used and treatment Stakeholder

4. Geographical Regions http://www.malaria.com/info/malaria-countries-map.php

5. Purpose To bring awareness of the disease to the local people To identify ways of controlling the vector-borne disease. To be able to identify the signs and symptoms of malaria from other diseases. Environmental factors that contribute to the spread of malaria. Treatments available and the use of (ITNs) and (IRS)DDT.

6. Plasmodium Life Cycle There are four plasmodium groups that mainly affect human beings: P. vivax P. falciparum P. ovale P. malariae

7. Transmission mode The common mode of transmission is through blood. Once the Anophele mosquito bites un infected person, it transfers the parasites. The gametocytes are the sexual form of the parasite and once the mosquito bites the infected person, the gametocytes are transmitted with the blood.

8. Economic impact Malaria has a huge economic and health burden. Not only does malaria cause 500 million cases around the world but it also kills about 1-3 million people annually. The burden is about 12 billion dollars a year in African countries. Poverty makes malaria control unaffordable. (Guinovart et al., 2006)

9. Environmental factors According to Dybas & Lyn (2008), Climate change poses a risk to the ecosystems and the life support they provide to people and all animals and plants on earth. With the world warming up, many of the diseases will be more prevalence in tropical regions of the world. Dense forests attract rainfall and damp areas many be a breeding ground for mosquitoes and their transmission. Dybas & Lyn (2008)

10. Wet lands Malaria is associated with wetlands. The vector breeds well in wetlands. Mosquitoes prefers still waters like ponds, dams and holes made by animal hooves which graze in the dense forests where water stagnate and become a home for mosquitoes breeding. Wetlands are important in providing many benefits to society, and they can also be a source of organisms carrying devastating diseases, (Malan et al., 2009). (Malan et al., 2009)

11. Prevention & Treatment Proper use of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) to prevent malaria. Use of Indoor Residue Spraying with DDT.. The use of anti-malarial drugs. Eliminating stagnant water/ponds. According to Yunis et al., 2009, The Roll Back Malaria (RBM) initiative planned to halve malaria mortality by 2010 with strategy relying heavily on Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs). (Yunis et al., 2009)

12. Antimalarial drugs The use of anti-malarial drugs which were developed only worked for a short period of time and developed resistance to the drug therapy. Quinine, chloroquine, atovaquone and mefloquine have all been proven by scientists to have developed resistance to malaria parasites,(Sanjay Basu, 2002) Research is needed to develop a vaccine to treat malaria. (Sanjay Basu, 2002)

13. Treatment & prevention cont’ Wearing of long sleeves while outside especially in the evenings. Using mosquito repellants. Environmental management for example eliminating ponds and water stagnations from living quarters.

14. Clinical signs for malaria Fever Cold Chills Headache Vomiting

15. Closing Remarks cont’ In this presentation we covered the vector causing malaria – the mosquito. Modes of transmission, mortality rate and the disease’s economic burden. Geographical areas where this disease is so prevalent were also covered more so on the sub tropical countries especially the African countries where mortality rates are very high.

16. Closing Remarks Also covered were environmental factors that contribute to the spread and transmission of vector borne disease. What the community can do to help eliminate or reduce the spread or breed of the vector. Areas of water elimination and clearing ponds were covered, use of mosquito treated nets and also the use of DDT where permitted can be used as Indoor Residue Spraying. Prevention/treatment modalities were also covered.

17. Closing Remarks cont’ I would like to thank all members present here today for taking time to come for this very important presentation. Special thanks goes to the local people, members of UNEP, CDC, local epidemiologist and environmentalists. Q U E S T I O N S Thank you very much….

18. References Dybas & Lyn, C. (2008). Climate, Environment and Infectious Diseases. A report from the AIBS 2008 Annual meeting. Bioscience, 58(9),792- 797. Malan, H. L., Appleton, C. C., Day, J. A., Dini, J. (2009). Wetlands and Invertebrate disease hosts. Are we asking for trouble?. Water SA, 35(5), 753-767. Quinovart, C., Navia, M., Tanner, M., & Alonso, P. L. (2006). Malaria: Burden of Disease. Current molecular Medicine, 6, 137-140. Sanjay, B. (2002). Initiating Malaria Control Programs in the Third World: Directives for Short and Long Term Solutions. Journal of Health & Social Policy, 15(1). Paul-Edward, P., & Edwin, M. (2010). Modeling the effects of weather & climate change on malaria transmission. Environmental Health Prospective, 118(5), 620-626.

19. References cont’ Yunis, A., Amare, D., Wodwoson, K. (2009). Does Insecticide Treated Mosquito Nets (ITNs) prevent clinical malaria in children aged 6-59 months under program setting?. Journal of Community Health, 34(2), 102-112.