1. Quick revision – what are the 5 functions of education according to Functionalists? (S)
Social mobility
Social control
Social cohesion (political)
Secondary socialization
Serving the needs of the economy/selection

2. Quick revision – what are the 5 stages of education?
Secondary
Further
Primary
GCSE/
BTEC
AS/A2
Higher
SATS
Degree
Pre-School/Early years

3. Quick revision – What 5 factors affect educational achievement?
thnicity E
ome S H
chool
Labelling/ Halo effect
Parental attitudes
Structural S
ex/ Gender
Poverty/ deprivation
Peer pressure/ sub-cultural theory
Feminist theories
lass C
Marxist theories

4. Crime & Deviance Revision
Distinguish between crime and deviance
Describe the ways in which individuals are encouraged to conform to social rules both formal and informal
Describe trends in distribution of crime e.g. gender, ethnicity, sex, social class etc
Outline different sociological explanations of criminal and deviant behaviour, such as sub-cultural theories, labelling theory and relative deprivation
Awareness of social issues such as racism and teenage crime
Analyse the usefulness of official crime figures, and self-report and victim studies
Describe the effect of criminal and deviant behaviour on victims, communities and society
Apples
What do sociologists mean by deviance? (4 marks)
Pears
What do sociologists mean by crime? (4 marks)

5. Crime: is usually associated with behaviour that breaks the formal, written laws of a given society.
Deviance: is behaviour which does not conform to the dominant norms of a specific society.
Deviant behaviour is defined by the norms of society, which means that different cultures, times etc may define deviance differently.
Can you think of an example of behaviour that…
a) Was classed as deviant in history that would now not be classed as deviant?
b) Was accepted in history but would now be classed as deviant?
c) Would be deviant in the UK but is accepted in other cultures?
TIF: what sources would tell us this?

6. Quick revision – What 5 factors affect the distribution of crime?
ender G ge E A
thnicity L
ocality
Sociological Explanations
Inadequate socialization
Relative deprivation
Labelling theory
Sub-cultural theory / peer pressure
Opportunity structures
Marxist explanations
lass C

7. Variations on this question…
Discuss how far sociologists would agree that crime and deviance among ________(1) is a result of ____________(2)

8. Eye on the exam…
Identify two types of crime commonly experienced in urban communities (2 marks)
Explain what sociologists mean by labelling. (4 marks)
3) Describe one way in which some sociologists believe that labelling can lead to deviant behaviour and explain why this might be a problem for certain groups within society (5 marks)
4) Describe one police action that may lead to some members of minority ethnic groups being stereotyped as criminal and explain why this stereotyping occurs. (5 marks)
5) Describe one reason why people in poverty are more likely to be victims of crime than the more wealthy and explain why this situation persists. (5 marks)

9. Homework – complete at least two of these 12 mark questions.
Discuss how far sociologists would agree that…
…what is seen as deviance arises from labelling in society.
…that most antisocial behaviour is committed by young men.
…that criminal behaviour is caused by poverty and social deprivation.
…that ethnic groups appear to commit more crimes than others because they are stereotyped.
…that most deviant and criminal behaviour in young people results from peer group pressure.
…that women are less likely to commit crime than men.
…that in Britain today working class criminals are more likely to get convicted than middle class and upper class ‘white collar’ criminals

10. Quick revision – What are the 5 agents of social control?
Families
Religion
Legal system
Peer groups
School/ work
Which are formal and which are informal?
How do they ensure conformity?

11. Eye on the exam…
Identify two ways in which people are encouraged to conform to formal social rules (2 marks)
Identify two types of formal social control that societies use to enforce order (2 marks)
Explain what sociologists mean by the term ‘agencies of social control.’ (4 marks)
Explain what sociologists mean by white-collar crime (4 marks)
Explain what sociologists mean by conformity when studying deviance. (4 marks)

12. Evidence – What percentage of crime is racially aggravated?
2002/03 British Crime Survey
4% mixed race
3% Asian
2% black
2% Chinese/other origin
Less than 1% white
Jannson (2006)
20% of black vandalism victims thought the crime was racially motivated
Less than 1% of white vandalism victims though the crime was racially motivated
11% of police reported harassment was racially or religious motivated in 2007/08
Walklate (2007) argues that statistics are likely to underestimate the extent to which routine harassment is part of the everyday lives of people from minority ethnic groups.
British Crime Survey
1999/2000 – 10,758 racially or religiously aggravated harassment
2006/07 – 28,485
2007/08 – 26,495

13. Citizenship compulsory in England since 2002
How far would Sociologists agree that the government is doing enough to tackle racially motivated offences?
Crime and Disorder Act 1998
Created new offences for
Racially aggravated assault
Racially aggravated criminal damage
Racially aggravated harassment
If racially motivated offence = harsher sentence
Jannson (2006)
20% of black vandalism victims thought the crime was racially motivated
Less than 1% of white vandalism victims though the crime was racially motivated
Citizenship compulsory in England since 2002
Walklate (2007) argues that statistics are likely to underestimate the extent to which routine harassment is part of the everyday lives of people from minority ethnic groups.
British Crime Survey
1999/2000 – 10,758 racially or religiously aggravated harassment
2006/07 – 28,485
2007/08 – 26,495
11% of police reported harassment was racially or religious motivated in 2007/08

14. Social Issues
Describe one way in which recent governments have tried to reduce anti-social behaviour and explain how successful this approach has been. (5 marks)
2) Describe one way in which governments have attempted to reduce racist behaviour in society and explain how successful this approach has been. (5 marks)

15. How do we get our statistics on crime?
Official Statistics
(Police statistics gathered by Home Office)
Self Report Studies (Defendants admit to minor criminal behaviour in surveys)
Victim Surveys
(public asked if ever been a victim of crim)

16. Reported crime – crime that is reported to the police
Reported crime – crime that is reported to the police. Not all crime is reported.
Recorded crime – crime that is recorded by the police. Not all reported crime is recorded.
Why is not all reported crime recorded?
Why is not all crime reported?
The true figure (amount) of crime
Official crime statistics
(not showing Dark Figure of Crime)
Photocopy Nelson Thornes p.99 & Collins p
TIF: If you were the Police Commissioner, what would you do to improve the relationship between the true figure of time and the Official Crime Statistics?

17. Quick revision – What is the impact of crime on victims & society?
Physical
Emotional
Social
Anomie?
Financial

18. On society? What is the impact of crime? On victims? Culture of fear
Damages cohesion
Moral panic
On society?
What is the
impact of
crime?
Folk devils
Scapegoats
Physical
On victims?
Socially
Psychological
Financial

19. Eye on the exam…
Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of using self-report studies to collect data about levels of crime in society. (2marks)
Describe one way in which the government collects statistics about the level of crime in society and explain why this might not be an accurate picture of the number of crimes committed. (5 marks)
Describe one way in which crime and deviant behaviour could have a negative impact on communities and explain why this impact is seen as a problem by some members of the public. (5 marks)
4) Discuss how far sociologists would agree that official statistics give an accurate picture of the levels of crime in society. (12 marks)