1. Section 3 Where Does Industry cause Pollution? (11th Edition Book)
Chapter 11
Section 3
Where Does Industry cause Pollution?
(11th Edition Book)

3. Air Pollution – Global Scale
Global Warming
Average temperature of Earth’s surface has increased 2°F since 1880
Burning fossil fuels may have contributed to this
A concentration of trace gases in atmosphere can block or delay the return of some heat thereby raising Earth’s surface temperatures

4. Greenhouse effect
The burning of fossil fuels release carbon dioxide that plants & oceans absorb
Past 200 years of burning fossil fuels has caused an increase of the C02 to rise by more than ¼
The anticipated increase in the Earth’s temperature caused by C02 & other greenhouse gases trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface is the greenhouse effect
Misleading term
Global warming of only a few degrees could melt the polar ice caps

6. What gas is now most commonly used as a coolant instead of CFC
What gas is now most commonly used as a coolant instead of CFC? Google “what replaced CFCs?”

7. Global-Scale Ozone Damage
Stratosphere (9-30 miles above surface)
Contains ozone gases that absorb UV rays from sun
This layers is threatened by chlorofluorcarbons (CFCs) such as Freon
In 2007 all countries in the world agreed to stop using CFCs by 2020 in developed word & 2030 in developing world

8. Air Pollution – Regional Scale
Air pollution may damage a region’s vegetation & water supply
Sulfur oxides & nitrogen oxides are released when burning fossil fuels
Tiny droplets of sulfuric acid & nitric acid form & return to Earth’s surface as acid deposition
when dissolved in water acid may fall as acid precipitation
Geographers are interested in effects of this precipitation because worst damage is not experienced at the same location as the emission of the pollutants

9. Local-Scale Air Pollution
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Particulates
Worst Urban air pollution occurs when winds are slight, skies are clear & temperature inversion (air is warmer at higher elevations) exists – pollutants are trapped
Sunlight provides energy for formation of smog
Worst concentration of particulates is Southern California – LA
WHO worldwide the 10 most pollutant cities are in developing countries
4 each in Iran & South Asia
Mexico City has actually improved its air quality since 1990s

11. Solid Waste Pollution Sanitary Landfill Shortage of space
Most common strategy for solid waster disposal iN US
More than ½ of the country’s waste is buried under the soil
Number of landfills has declined in US by ¾ since 1990
Shortage of space
Incineration is seen as an alternate
Burning trash reduces bulk by ¾
Incinerator can provide energy: heat can boil water to produce steam heat or operate a turbine that generates electricity

12. Hazardous Waste Includes heavy metals that are unwanted byproducts
3.93 billion pounds of toxic chemicals were released into the environment in 2010
Mining operations are the largest polluting firms

13. Water Pollution Water Pollution Sources
Point Source – pollution that enters a body of water at a specific location
Water-using manufacturers – steel, chemicals, paper products, food processing.
Need large amounts of water & generates a lot of waste
Municipal sewage – sewers carry wastewater from sinks, tubs & toilets to treatment plants where it is treated
Treated water is released back into river or lake
US Clean Water Act

14. Nonpoint Sources – usually pollute in greater quantities & are much harder to control
Principal nonpoint source is agriculture
Fertilizers & pesticides
Aral sea (1975, 1989, 2003, 2009)

15. Impact of Water Pollution on Aquatic Life
Decomposing organic waste dumped in water competes for the oxygen
Oxygen consumed by decomposing organic waste is called biochemical oxygen demand
Too much waste water becomes oxygen starved
“Pond scum”
Some water may become unlivable for normal plants & animals creating a “dead” stream or lake

16. Section 3 Where is Industry Expanding?
Chapter 11
Section 3
Where is Industry Expanding?

18. Changes Within Developed Regions
Shifts within the US
Lost 6 million jobs in manufacturing between
2 million jobs were added in South & West between – California & Texas saw the most
TVA
Steel, Tobacco & furniture have been dispersed in small communities
Right-to-work laws
Requires a factory to maintain a “open-shop” and prohibits a “closed shop” which a company & a union agree that everyone must join a union to work in the factory
Open shop – a union & a company may not negotiate a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment
23 states have right to work laws

19. Textile Production
Opened lower-wage locations & shut down higher-wage locations
Heavily concentrated in Northeast in early 20th century
Later shifted to South & West
Move took place during the mid-20th century
Favored sites with small towns in Appalachian, Piedmont & Ozark Mountains

20. Interregional Shifts in Europe

21. New Industrial Regions
Asia
Latin America

22. “Central” Europe

23. Emerging Industrial Regions
1970 – ½ of the world’s industry was in Europe
1/3 was in North America
Now these two regions account for only ¼ each
Share of world industry in other regions has increased from 1/6 in 1970 to ½ in 2010

24. Labor is the site factor that is changing
To minimize labor costs, manufacturers are looking for places where wage rates are low
Labor-intensive industries are attracted to emerging industrial regions

25. Outsourcing
Transnational corporations are looking to identify where steps can be performed by low-paid, low-skilled workers in developing countries
Despite greater transportation costs corp’s can profitably transfer some work to developing countries
The selective transfer of some jobs to developing countries is new international division of labor
Outsourcing – turning over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers
Contrasts with the traditional approach - vertical integration where a company controls all phases of production process

26. Impact of Outsourcing

27. Mexico & NAFTA
Manufacturing has increased in Mexico
NAFTA signed in 1994 eliminated most barriers to moving gods among Mexico, US & Canada
Mexico attracts labor-intensive industries that need proximity to the US markets
Plants near the US border in Mexico are known as maquiladoras
Term applied to a tax when Mexico was a Spanish colony
Companies receive tax breaks if they ship materials from US companies to be assembled in the maquiladoras & export the finished product back to the US
There are over 3 million Mexicans employed at over 3,000 facilities

29. Concerns with Maquiladoras
Labor leaders fear more manufacturers will relocate to Mexico to take advantage of lower wage rates
Food processing
Textile manufacturing
Environmentalists fear NAFTA encourages firms to move production to Mexico because laws governing air and water-quality standards are less stringent

30. Mexico’s Challenges
It lost a quarter-million maquiladora jobs during the first decade of the 21st century
Electronic firms pulled out: Mexican wages are $6/hour are $1 higher than wages in China and India
Despite higher site costs, Mexico is still competitive because of situation factors
Proximity allows lower shipping costs to the US from Mexico than China

31. BRIC and BRICS
Much of the future growth in manufacturing will take place outside principal industrial
Goldman Sachs coined the term BRIC as the countries that will dominate global manufacturing in the 21st century
Brazil, Russia, India and China
They currently control ¼ of the world’s land area & contain 3 billion of the 7 billion people on the planet

32. China is expected to pass the US as world’s largest economy by 2020
India will be in 2nd place by 2035
In 2050, Brazil & Russia are expected to be 5th & 6th
Indonesia & Nigeria are expected to be 4th & 5th
The US will be the only developed country to rank in the top 7
South Africa was invited to a meeting in 2010 with the other emerging countries

33. Renewed Attraction of Traditional Industrial Regions
Proximity to skilled labor

35. Just in Time Delivery
Shipment of parts & materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed
Parts & raw materials to manufactures of fabricated products such as cars & computers
Reduces the amount of money manufacturers must tie up in wasteful inventory
Reduces the size of factories
Disruptions for just in time
Labor unrest
Traffic
Natural hazards