1. The nephrotic syndrome Def: It is a clinico -biochemical state of many causes Features 1-Heavy proteinuria. 2-Hypoproteinemia.( decrease protein in the blood) 3-Generalized oedema. 4-Hyperlipidemia and lipiduria

2. Causes Renal 1-Membranous GN 2-membranoproliferative GN 3-Minimal change GN 4-Focal segmental GS 5-Focal GN.(Mesangial,IgA Nephropathy) Systemic Diseases 1-SLE 2-DM 3-Amyloidosis 4-Infections e.g.; malaria, HBV,B Syphilis 6-lymphoma 7-Drugs:gold salt and NSAI

3. Common features of nephrotic syndrome Gross -Enlarged pale kidney. -yellow ting due to fat resorption by tubular epithelium.

4. Microscopic 1-Glomeruli; LM&IF: Features specific to the disease. EM: Fusion of foot processes of podocytes. 2-Tubules 1-Hyaline droplets. 2-Vacuolar degeneration due to resorption of fat 3-Hyaline casts 3-Interstitial tissue variable oedema

6. Hyaline casts

7. Membranous GN Age: adults (30-50 ys) Cause:- -Primary :Unknown (85%) -Secondary in course of infection like malaria syphilis, HBV, B, malignant tumors and gold salt therapy Patho: ICD

8. Light: Thickening of the GBM IF Granular flourescences to IgG and C3 EM: -Fusion of foot processes Of podocytes. -Subepithelial deposits Microscopic

9. Thickened GBM IN MGN

10. Sikes formation in MGN. Silver stain

11. Spikes formation along GBM Silver stain

12. Diffuse granular fluorescence of GBM

13. EM in MGN, the darker electron dense immune deposits are seen scattered within the thickened basement membrane.

14. Membranous GN.EM Subepithelial Deposits

15. Clinical and laboratory findings Nephrotic syndrome Prognosis: Remission and exacerbation, finally chronic renal failure.

16. Minimal change GN Age: Commonest cause of nephrotic syndrome in children (1-4 ys ) Pathog: unknown or it is a disorder of T cells cytokines that cause loss of epithelial foot processes Gross: as Nephrotic syndrome. Msc:1-Light Glomeruli ; no changes.

18. Tubules and interstitial tissues show changes of nephrotic syndrome 2-IF: Negative. 3-EM: Fusion of foot processes of podocytes Clinical and laboratory findings : as NS with selective proteinuria. Prognosis: good response to steroid therapy

20. Membranoproliferative GN Age; any age, mainly late childhood Pathogenesis; Type I; Common. It is ICD Type II (Dense deposit disease) :rare mediated by activation of the alternative complement pathway.

21. Hypercellularity Accentuated lobulation Patchy irregular thickening of GBM Double contour of GBM MSC;1-Light

22. MPGN, the glomerulus has increased overall cellularity, mainly mesangial

23. MPGN.Lobulation. Patchy irregular Thickening of GBM

24. New matrix material is laid down resulting in replication of basement membrane material

25. Membranoproliferative GN type I

26. This silver stain demonstrates a double contour to many basement membranes, or the "tram-tracking" that is characteristic of MPGN

27. 2-IF; Type I: Gr.fluor.to Igs and C3

28. Bright deposits in type II MPGN To C3

29. TYPE II, intramembranous deposit

30. Clinical and laboratory findings Presentation Nephrotic syndome+ hypertension Nephritic syndrome Asymptomatic proteinuria Prognosis : remission exacerbation and finally chronic renal failure

31. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Microscopic: -Sclerotic segments in some gl. and Hyalinosis -tubular atrophy -interstitial fibrosis IF: Granular fluorescence of the GBM for IgM andC3. EM:Fusion of foot processes and detachement of epithelial cells

32. Focal segmental GS

36. Clinically: Nephrotic syndrome, may be hypertension and microscopic hematuria. Prognosis: unfavorable (ending in chronic renal failure

37. Cause: -idiopathic -In association of SBE,SLE, Henoch-schonlein PAN, and Goodpasture’s syndrome Pathogenesis: -ICD -Activation of the alternative complement pathway by aggregation of IgA.(Berger’s disease) Focal glomerulonephritis

38. IgA Nephropathy (Berger’s Disease) -Common in children and young adults - Recurrent hematuria -It follows infection of the respiratory,GI and urinary tracts. -The IgA is deposited mainly in mesangium, which then increases mesangial cellularity

39. MSC: Focal and segmental proliferation of mesangial cells+ necrosis and crescent formation Clinically: Hematuria, proteinuria and may be nephrotic syndrome Course: Subsides without residual renal impairment

40. Focal glomerulonephritis IF:Granular

41. Focal GN Necrosis

42. Amyloidosis

43. Amyloidosis of the kidney

44. Disease LMEMIF Membranous GN MPGN Minimal change Focal and Seg.GS Focal GN Lupus Nephritis

45. Chronic GN Def : it is end stage renal glomerular disease. Grossly:- Small contracted kidney. -Granular outer surface. -Firmly adherent capsule. -Loss of differentiation bet. cortex and medulla. -Thick BVs at corticomedullary junction.

46. Chronic GN: Note contacted kidney& granular outer surface

47. Msc: Glomeruli: - Hyalinised and sclerotic. -Some are hypertrophied. Tubules are atrophied and dilated Interstitial fibrosis and chronic inflammatory cell infiltration Thick walle-blood vessels end arteritis obliterans

48. Chronic glomerulonephritis

49. Hyaline castHyaline cast Chronic GN

51. Clinical and laboratory Findings : Marked hypertension Increase Bl. urea Urine changes -Polyuria. - low Specific gra. -Mild albuminuria. -Hyaline and -granular casts Prognosis: without Treatment is poor

52. Small- Sized Kidney (contracted kidney ) 1-Hypoplastic kidney. 2-Chronic GN 3-Chronic PN 4-Senile(atherosclerotic) kidney. 5-Kidney of benign hypertension (Benign nephrosclerosis).

53. DM Effects of DM on the kidney: -Diabetic GS -Renal arteriolar sclerosis. -pyelonephritis. -papillary necrosis. Diabetic GS It leads to: a-Proteinuria. B-Nephrotic syndrome. C-CRF.

54. MSC: 1-Diffuse GS. -Diffuse increase in mesangial matrix -Thickening of GBM 2-Nodular GS. (kimmelsteil Wilson disease ) Hyaline nodule is present in the mesangium, Containing fibrin and lipid. 3-Insudative lesion: -fibrin cap; eosinophilic focal Thickening of peripheral capillary loop. -Capsular drop: eosinophilic thickening of Bowman’s capsule

55. Diffuse glomeruosclerosis

57. Nodular GS

60. Fibrin cap and Capsular drop

61. Lupus nephritis Presentation: Recurrent hematuria,nephritic s,nephrotic s,hypertension,CRF. Classification; -class I:Normal kidney. -Class II:Mesangial glomerular lesion. -Class III:Focal proliferaive GN. -Class IV:Diffuse Proliferative GN. -Class V:Membranous GN. -Class VI:Advancing sclerosing GN.

62. MSC of Class IV: Diffuse Proliferative GN -Diffuse hypercellularity due to Proliferation of endothelial cells and mesangial cells -Irregular thickening of GBM - Wire loop appearance -Few epith.crescents -Hematoxylin bodies.

63. Proliferative lupus nephritis Flea-Bitten appearance

64. Class II: Mesangial GN

65. Class III: Focal GN Focal and segmental necrosis of glomerulus

66. Class IV:Diffuse Proliferaive GN Hematoxylin bodiesWire-Loop appearance

67. IF of Lupus Nephritis

68. EM of Lupus Nephritis

69. IF: Granular fluorescence of capillary walls for Igs and comploments EM: Subendothelial and mesangial electron dense deposits