1. Skeletal System The skeleton is a framework of structures, made of bones and cartilage that support and protect the body. - The skeleton is a framework of structures, made of bones and cartilage that support and protect the body.

2. Axial Skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. -includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.

3. Skull Cervical Axis Thoracic Lumbar Atlas Coccygeal Sacral Axial Skeleton Ribs

4. Skull -many plates of bone fused together.

5. Skull The soft spot on top of the skull is called a fontanel The soft spot on top of the skull is called a fontanel.

6. Vertebrae Have five distinct regions: 1.Cervical 2.Thoracic 3.Lumbar 4.Sacral 5.Coccygeal

7. Cervical vertebrae of the neck regionvertebrae of the neck region

8. Cervical Atlas  the first cervical vertebra  called “C1”

9. Cervical Atlas

10. Cervical Atlas Forms the joint that lets you nod “yes” “yes”

11. Cervical Axis  the second cervical vertebra  called “C2”

12. Cervical Axis

13. Cervical Axis Forms the joint that lets you nod “no”

14. Cervical How many does a cow have?How many does a cow have? What about a horse?What about a horse? How about a dog?How about a dog? And a cat?And a cat? Any guesses on a giraffe?Any guesses on a giraffe?

15. Cervical There are seven cervical vertebrae in all mammals Even the giraffe!

16. Cervical 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

17. Thoracic - vertebrae of the body region

18. Thoracic - always have a rib attached and a spine on top.

19. Thoracic “True ribs”: directly attach to sternum with cartilage

20. Thoracic “True ribs”:

21. Thoracic “False ribs”: connect to each other with cartilage, not the sternum

22. Thoracic “False ribs”:

23. Thoracic “Floating ribs”: seen in the dog have cartilage on the tips but do not attach to anything.

24. Thoracic “Floating ribs”:

25. Lumbar vertebrae of the lower back

26. Lumbar Carnivores generally tend to have more perhaps to lend greater flexibility

27. Lumbar Herbivores need to have a short, strong back to support large digestive and reproductive organs

28. Sacral vertebrae of the pelvic region

29. Sacral Fused together on the ventral side.

30. Sacral Herbivores generally tend to have more to add strength and support to the back. Carnivores tend to have less for flexibility.

31. Coccygeal vertebrae of the tail region

32. Coccygeal Used for balance. Become smaller at the end of the tail

33. Appendicular Skeleton the fore and hind limbs

34. Appendicular Skeleton Scapula Ulna Radius Carpals Humerus Metacarpals Phalanges Olecranon Forelimb Sesamoids

35. Pelvis Tarsals Tibia Metatarsals Fibula Femur Sesamoids Phalanges Appendicular Skeleton Hind limb Patella

36. Forelimb Scapula “shoulder blade” attached with muscle

37. Clavicle Forelimb the cat is the only domestic animal with a clavicle!

38. Humerus forms the upper arm Forelimb

39. Ulna forms the elbow joint Forelimb

40. Ulna fused with the radius in herbivores Forelimb

41. Radius forms the forearm Forelimb

42. Carpus commonly called the “knee” in horses Forelimb

43. Carpus the “wrist” in dogs and humans Forelimb

44. Metacarpals commonly called the cannon region of the forelimb Forelimb

45. Metacarpals Humans:5 Number depends on species:

46. Metacarpals Horses: 1 plus 2 accessory metacarpals called “splint bones”

47. Metacarpals Splint Bones (II or IV Metacarpals) Cannon Bone (III Metacarpals)

48. Metacarpals Dogs and cats: 4 plus the dewclaw Number depends on species:

49. Metacarpals Cattle: 1 that splits at bottom into a cloven hoof and 2 dewclaws Number depends on species:

50. Metacarpals Pigs:4 (2 toes and 2 dewclaws) Number depends on species:

51. Phalanx Proximal phalanx (P1) (bones of the finger, hoof, and claw) Intermediate phalanx (P2) Distal phalanx (P3) (the coffin bone in horses)

52. Phalanx P1 P2 P3

53. Phalanx P1 P2 P3

54. Sesamoids Proximal sesamoids (tucked in behind P1) Distal sesamoid (tucked in underneath P3) called the navicular bone in horses

55. Sesamoids Proximal Distal

56. Sesamoids Navicular Bone

57. Hind Limb Pelvis

58. Pelvis Tuber coxae part of pelvis that forms the “point of hip”

59. Hind Limb Pelvis Ischiatic tuberosity part of pelvis that forms the “seat bones”

60. Pelvis Tuber coxae Ischiatic tuberosity

61. Femur Hind Limb

62. Patella

63. Patella -forms the “stifle” joint in horses -sometimes called the “knee” in dogs -equivalent to the human knee Hind Limb

64. Patella

66. Tibia main bone of the gaskin of the horse Hind Limb

67. Fibula fused with the tibia & considered vestigial in herbivores Hind Limb

68. Tarsus commonly called the “hock” Hind Limb

69. Tarsus equivalent to the human “ankle” Hind Limb

70. Metatarsal cannon region in the hind limb. Hind Limb

71. Metatarsal Number depends on species Hind Limb

72. Short Bone cube shaped cube shaped i.e. carpus and tarsus Classification of Bones

73. Flat Bone plate of bone i.e. scapula, rib, skull Classification of Bones

74. Irregular Bone complex shaped i.e. vertebrae Classification of Bones

75. Sesamoid small, seed-shaped bone i.e. proximal and distal sesamoids, patella Classification of Bones

76. Long Bone bone is longer that it is wide i.e. femur, tibia, humerus, etc. Classification of Bones

77. Bone Anatomy Diaphysis body of a long bone

78. Bone Anatomy Epiphysis enlarged ends of long bones

79. Bone Anatomy Metaphysis joining point of diaphysis and epiphysis

80. Bone Anatomy Periosteum thin outer protective layer of bone

81. Bone Anatomy Medullary Cavity space within bone filled with marrow

82. Bone Anatomy Endosteum thin inner protective layer lining the medullary cavity

83. Bone Anatomy Marrow

84. Bone Growth Occurs in the epiphysis of long bones.

85. Bone Growth Epiphyseal growth plates produce cartilage, which gradually turns into bone via a process called ossification

86. Fractures Major Categories Simple bone does not break skin

87. Fractures Major Categories Compound bone breaks through skin, much more serious

88. Fractures Major Categories Complete fracture goes completely across the bone

89. Fractures Major Categories Incomplete fracture does not go completely across bone

90. Classifying Fractures Fissure Fracture incomplete break, along the long axis of the bone

91. Classifying Fractures Greenstick Fracture incomplete break on one side of a bone, usually due to a bending force

92. Classifying Fractures Transverse Fracture break across the bone

93. Classifying Fractures Comminuted Fracture bone shatters into many pieces

94. Healing Fractures Bone cells lay down a material called fibrocartilage, which gradually turns into bone in a process called ossification.