1. Ecology
the study of the relationships between organisms and their physical environment

2. Lion King Clip

3. Living Non-Living

4. Consists of BOTH BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS
Ecosystem
ABIOTIC FACTORS
BIOTIC FACTORS
Consists of BOTH BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS

5. Name the abiotic and biotic factors here!

6. Ex. Earth
Ex. Desert, Tundra, Taiga, Deciduous Forest
Ex. African Plains, Coral Reefs, etc
Ex. All the living things in African plains
Ex. All the giraffes
Ex. One giraffe

7. Levels of Organization in an Ecosystem
Biosphere – includes all the inhabitable space on earth
is made up of many different…
Biomes - a large geographical area characterized by certain types of plants and animals
are made up of many different…

9. Communities – all of the LIVING things that inhabit an ecosystem
Ecosystems – includes all living AND non-living (biotic & abiotic) parts of a community
are made up of many different…
Communities – all of the LIVING things that inhabit an ecosystem
Populations – one type (species) of living thing in a ecosystem. Ex. Homo sapiens or Tursiops truncatus
Individual Organisms– each one play an important role (its “niche”)

10. What do these different ecosystems have in common?

11. Requirements of All Ecosystems
Energy must be constantly added (usually from the sun). Energy cannot be recycled!

13. 2. Cycling of Materials like minerals, CO2, O2, nitrogen, & H20
2. Cycling of Materials like minerals, CO2, O2, nitrogen, & H20. These are recycled (used over and over) between the living and non-living things in an ecosystem

15. Each ecosystem has its own distinct limiting factors.
3. Limiting factors determine the types of species that can survive in a particular environment
Each ecosystem has its own distinct limiting factors.
Ex. temperature

17. Ex. Amount of water

18. Ex. Pressure and light availability

19. Ex. pH (level of acidity)

20. Nutritional Relationships between Organisms

21. 1. Producers (Autotrophs)
Go through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis to make their own food
More of them than any other organism in an ecosystem!
Ex. Trees, seeds, algae, grass, phytoplankton

22. 2. Consumers (Heterotrophs)
Must obtain their food from another source (another organism)

23. Types of Consumers Herbivores
Feed only on autotrophs like plants, leaves, grass, or seeds
Ex.

24. Carnivores Feed only on other animals
Predator: kill & eat their prey
Prey: killed by predators
Scavengers: feed on animal remains
Ex.

25. Omnivores
Feed on producers as well as consumers (plants and animals)
Ex.

26. Detrivores/Decomposers
obtain nutrients from “detritus” - the remains of dead or decaying organisms
Recycle nutrients back into the earth
Ex.

27. The flow of energy between producers and consumers can be organized in a number of ways…
Food Chain
Food Web
Energy Pyramid

28. Food Chains
Diagram showing one chain of energy existing between organisms in an ecosystem
Arrows point in the direction of energy flow!
Ex.

29. Food Webs All of the interconnected food chains in an ecosystem
The mouse population would most likely decrease if there were (1) an increase in the frog and tree populations (2) a decrease in the snake and hawk populations (3) an increase in the number of decomposers in the area (4) a decrease in the amount of available sunlight
Identify two producers in this food web.

30. Which organisms feed on both producers and decomposers
Which organisms feed on both producers and decomposers? (1) amphipods (2) crayfish (3) catfish (4) protozoa
Which organism is a producer in this food web? (1) algae (2) amphipod (3) snail (4) catfish
What would happen to the diving beetle population if there were fewer snails?  Justify your response.

31. Energy Pyramids
Represent the decrease in biomass & energy as one moves up the food chain
90% energy loss at each level, 10% transferred
APEX PREDATORS
SECONDARY CONSUMERS
PRIMARY CONSUMERS
PRODUCERS – Always in the greatest amount, highest “biomass”
A food pyramid is represented by the diagram. Which statement best describes one of the levels of this pyramid?  (1.) The organisms in level B obtain food directly from level A.  (2.) Level D contains the greatest number of heterotrophs in the pyramid.  (3.) level C contains the largest group of consumers in the pyramid.  (4.) Level A contains the largest producers in the pyramid. The secondary consumers in this pyramid would be found at level  (1.) A  (2.) B  (3.) C  (4.) D

34. Which organisms would contain the greatest amount of available energy? 
(1.) rabbits and deer  (2.) grasses and shrubs  (3.) hawks    (4.) lice
The primary consumers include 
(1.) insects and seed-eating birds  (2.) rabbits and snakes  (3.) rats and frogs  (4.) spiders and coyotes
Which group of organisms is missing from this food web? 
(1.) decomposers 
(2.) omnivores 
(3.) producers  (4.)  heterotrophs

36. Non-feeding Relationships Between Organisms
Competitive
organisms that have a similar niche (food source and habitat) will compete more for resources
Give one possible explanation for the results shown in graph C.
What will most likely happen if the culture containing the two species together (graph C) is maintained for an additional week?

37. Information concerning nests built in the same tree by 2 different bird species over a 10-year period is shown in the table below.
Which inference best describes these 2 bird species?
1)They most likely do not compete for nesting sites because they occupy different niches
2) They do not compete for nesting sites because they have the same reproductive behavior
3) They compete for nesting sites because they build the same type of nest
4) They compete for nesting sites because they nest in the same tree at the same time
Distance of Nest Above Ground (m)
Total # of Nests built by 2 different species A B
Less than 1 5
1-5 10
5-10
Over 10 20

38. Organisms living in close association with each other
2. Symbiotic
Organisms living in close association with each other
Mutualism (+/+)
both organisms benefit from their association
Ex. Cleaning associations

39. Commensalism (+/0)
one organism benefits, but the other is NOT affected at all
Ex. Barnacles on a whale, anemone and clown fish

40. one organism benefits (parasite) while the other is harmed (host)
Parasitism (+/-)
one organism benefits (parasite) while the other is harmed (host)
Ex. Athlete’s Foot fungus and humans!
Ex. Ticks on deer/dogs
video

42. Symbiosis Video
10 & 9
2:01
6:51
8 (1:00) 6
4 & 3
2 & 1

43. Material Cycles
Nitrogen & Phosphorus Cycles:
Although ENERGY must be CONSTANTLY ADDED by the sun, many materials are used over and over again by organisms in a food web
Carbon: components of living organisms (carbs, lipids, proteins), also CO2
Oxygen: needed for cell respiration, produced by plants
Water: used for transport within all organisms
Nitrogen: important part of proteins (amino acids), released as waste from dead organisms

44. The Water Cycle

45. The Nitrogen Cycle

46. The Carbon-Oxygen Cycle
Respiration in Plants and Animals
Dead Organisms
Combustion
Photosynthesis
Decomposition

47. 1. Respiration and photosynthesis are interrelated.
Events that take place in a biome are shown in the diagram below. Which information is represented in the diagram?
 1. Respiration and photosynthesis are interrelated.
2. Transpiration and condensation are related to the water cycle.
3. Decomposers release a material that is acted on by other organisms.
4. Predators and their prey are involved in many interactions

48. An ecosystem, such as an aquarium, is self-sustaining if it involves the interaction between organisms, a flow of energy, and the presence of  1. equal numbers of plants and animals  2. more animals than plants  3. materials cycles  4. pioneer organisms
Brainpop

49. Carrying Capacity
maximum # of organisms that can be supported in one ecosystem
Once carrying capacity is reached, competition for resources will increase and many organisms will die
Once the population decreases, more resources will become available and populations will increase again
Homeostasis / dynamic equilibrium

50. Extra Credit – Answer ALL
1. All of the following are true of protista EXCEPT
A) all are heterotrophs B) all are eukaryotes
C) include ameoba, paramecium, & euglena
D) they include the widest variety of any kingdom
Choose from…A) Platyhelminthes
B) Nematodes C) Cnidarians D) Echinoderms
2. Includes the sea stars and sea urchins
3. Organisms in this phyla contain stinging cells
4. Roundworms and are parasitic!