1. Department of Health & Community Care
Chisholm Institute
Department of Health & Community Care
Diploma of Remedial Massage HLT50307
Anatomy & Physiology 2
Lesson 1: Bony landmarks, planes & sections,
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2. Introduction to advanced anatomy
A&P LAP 2011
Discussion regarding each region of the musculoskeletal system to be covered
Format/structure for each regional lecture
Wet Lab sessions
Assessment tasks for A&P 2011
Introduction to terminology & definitions
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3. Definitions origin n. (in anatomy)
the point of attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during contraction of the muscle (compare insertion).
the point at which a nerve or blood vessel branches from a main nerve or blood vessel.’
insertion n. (in anatomy) ‘the point of attachment of a muscle (eg. to a bone) that is relatively movable when the muscle contracts (compare origin).’
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4. Bone surface markings
The surfaces of bones have various structural features adapted to specific functions.
These features are called bone surface markings, more commonly referred to as bony landmarks.
Examples of bony landmarks include….
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5. Bony landmarks 1. Depressions and openings:
A foramen (meaning ‘hole’) is an opening
through which blood vessels, nerves or
ligaments pass.
Eg. Foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
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6. Bony landmarks
1. Depressions and openings: A meatus (meaning “passage”) is a tubelike channel extending within a bone. Eg. the external auditory meatus of the temporal bone
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7. Bony landmarks
1. Depressions and openings: A fossa (meaning ‘ditch’ or ‘trench’) is a shallow depression in or on a bone. Eg. the infraspinous fossa of the scapula Infraspinous fossa
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8. Bony landmarks
2. Processes that form joints: A condyle (meaning ‘knuckle-like’ process) is a large, rounded prominence that forms a joint, such as the medial condyle of the femur. Condyle
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9. Bony landmarks
2. Processes that form joints: A head is a rounded projection forming a joint and is supported on the constricted portion (neck) of a bone. Eg. head of the femur. Head of the femur
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10. Bony landmarks
2. Processes that form joints: A facet is a smooth, flat articular surface. Eg. facet on a vertebra
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11. Bony landmarks
3. Processes to which tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues attach : A tuberosity is a large, rounded projection, usually with a rough surface. Eg. deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
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12. Bony landmarks
3. Processes to which tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues attach : A spinous process or spine is a sharp, slender projection. Eg. spinous processes of the vertebra Vertebral spinous process
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13. Bony landmarks
3. Processes to which tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues attach : A trochanter is a large, blunt projection found only on the femur (greater trochanter) greater trochanter
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14. Bony landmarks
3. Processes to which tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues attach: A crest is a prominent border or ridge. Eg. iliac crest of the pelvis iliac crest
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15. Bony landmarks
4. Other bony landmarks: A trochlea is a ‘pulley-like’ end of bone that is smooth and grooved. Eg. the trochlea on the distal humerus
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16. Bony landmarks
4. Other bony landmarks: A sulcus is a narrow groove. Eg. the central sulcus of the brain
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17. Bony landmarks
4. Other bony landmarks: A ramus is an extension of a bone that makes an angle to the rest of the structure. Eg. inferior pubic ramus of the pelvis. inferior pubic ramus
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18. Planes of movement Sagittal plane:
Is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.
More specifically, when such a plane passes through the midline of the body or organ, dividing it into equal right and left sides it is called a midsagittal plane.
If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline, and divides the body into unequal right and left sides, the term parasagittal plane (meaning ‘near-sagittal’) is used.
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20. Planes of movement Frontal/coronal plane:
is any vertical plane dividing the body or organ into front and back (anterior and posterior) parts.
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21. Planes of movement Transverse plane:
divides the body or organ into upper and lower (superior and inferior) parts. Also known as a ‘cross-sectional’ or horizontal plane.
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22. Planes of movement
Sagittal, frontal and transverse planes are all at right angles to each other
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23. Planes of movement Oblique plane:
passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse and sagittal planes OR between the transverse and frontal planes.
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24. Axes of movement Sagittal axis:
the sagittal axis is a point passing horizontally through the body antero-posteriorly. It is also known as the antero-posterior (a/p) axis. Movement occurring around this axis takes place in the frontal or coronal plane.
ie movements that occur in this plane are abduction & adduction
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25. Axes of movement Frontal/coronal axis:
the frontal/coronal axis is a point passing horizontally through the body from one side to the other. Movement occurring around this axis takes place in the sagittal plane.
ie movements that occur in this plane are flexion & extension
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26. Axes of movement Longitudinal axis:
also known as the vertical axis, the
longitudinal axis passes through the
body, superiorly to inferiorly. Movement
occurring around this axis takes place
in the transverse plane.
ie movements that occur in this plane
are internal & external rotation
(pronation & supination in the forearm)
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