1. Kinesiology for Manual Therapies
Chapter 12
Concepts of Muscular Analysis and Clinical Flexibility of the Upper Extremities
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2. Learning Outcomes
12-1 Analyze sports skills in terms of phases and the various joint movements occurring in those phases.
12-2 Compare various conditioning principles and apply them to strengthening major muscle groups.
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3. Learning Outcomes (cont.)
12-3 Demonstrate specific clinical flexibility and strengthening exercises for the upper extremity.
12-4 Explain the concept of an open versus closed kinetic chain.
12-5 Recognize the actions of individual muscles that produce certain joint movements.
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4. Learning Outcomes (cont.)
12-6 Describe specific exercises that increase the strength of individual muscle groups.
12-7 Discuss the concepts of analyzing and prescribing exercises to strengthen major muscle groups.
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5. Introduction
Flexibility and strength in the upper extremity are essential for improved appearance, posture, and for efficient skill performance.
The analysis of activities is not difficult once the basic concepts are understood.
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6. Upper-Extremity Activities
Weakness in the upper extremity can impair skill development and performance in many common sports.
Adequate skill development should be built on muscular strength and endurance to prevent injury.
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7. Upper-Extremity Activities (cont.)
Clinicians must be able to analyze specific strengthening and stretching exercises to determine the muscles involved, overall balance, and to develop appropriate exercise routines.
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8. Concepts for Analysis
Muscles are grouped according to their concentric function and they work in paired opposition to an antagonistic group.
Muscle groups can function to control the antagonistic action by contracting eccentrically.
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9. Concepts for Analysis (cont.)
Exercise professionals should be able to view an activity and determine which muscles are performing the movement, which type of contraction is occurring, and what exercises are appropriate for developing muscles.
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10. Analysis of Movement
The stance phase allows the athlete to assume a balanced body position from which to initiate the sport skill.
The preparatory phase or wind-up phase is used to lengthen the appropriate muscles to generate force and momentum.
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11. Analysis of Movement (cont.)
The movement phase or acceleration phase is the action part of the skill.
The follow-through phase begins immediately after the climax of the movement phase.
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12. Analysis of Movement (cont.)
The recovery phase is used after follow-through to regain balance and body positioning.
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13. Analysis of Movement (cont.)
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14. The Kinetic Chain Concept
The extremities consist of several bony segments linked by a series of joints.
Movement depending on whether it is open and not attached or closed and secured may not or may affect the entire kinetic chain.
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15. The Kinetic Chain Concept (cont.)
If the distal end of the extremity is not fixed to a surface, it is an open kinetic chain.
If the distal end of the extremity it fixed, it represents a closed kinetic chain.
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16. The Kinetic Chain Concept (cont.)
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17. The Kinetic Chain Concept (cont.)
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18. Conditioning Considerations
The Overload Principle states that within appropriate parameters, a muscle group increases in strength in direct proportion to the overload place on it.
Overload may be modified by changing one or a combination of frequency, intensity, and duration.
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19. Conditioning Considerations (cont.)
Frequency is the number of times per week.
Intensity is usually a certain percentage of the absolute maximum.
Duration is usually the number of minutes per exercise bout.
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20. Conditioning Considerations (cont.)
The intentional variance in a training program at regular intervals is known as periodization and it is done to bring about optimal gains in physical performance.
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21. Conditioning Considerations (cont.)
The SAID principle or specific adaptations to imposed demands states that the body will gradually, over time, adapt very specifically to the various stresses and overloads placed on it.
Exercise programs must be specifically designed for the adaptation desired.
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22. Conditioning Considerations (cont.)
Specificity is a concentrated approach in a specific area of focus.
Individuals specific needs must be addressed when the therapist is designing an exercise program.
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23. Conditioning Considerations (cont.)
Adequate muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility of the entire body should be developed through the correct use of the appropriate exercise principles.
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24. Conditioning Considerations (cont.)
Every clinician should reinforce the importance of breathing during exercise.
During exertion, all air should be exhaled by contracting the abdominal muscles.
Bad habits of holding breath while exercising should be avoided.
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25. Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity Stretching the Rhomboids – Horizontal Adduction
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26. Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont.) Stretching the Rhomboids – Horizontal Adduction
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27. Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont.) Strengthening the Rhomboids – Scapular Adduction
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28. Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont.) Strengthening the Rhomboids – Scapular Adduction
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29. Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont.) Scapular Adduction
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30. Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont.) Shoulder Hyperextension
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31. Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont.) Shoulder Hyperextension
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32. Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont.) Shoulder Flexion Strengthening
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33. Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont.) Shoulder Flexion Strengthening
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34. Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont.) Thumbs-up Flexion
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35. Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont.) Lateral Cervical Flexion Stretching
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36. Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont.) Lateral Cervical Flexion Stretching
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37. Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont.) Lateral Cervical Flexion Strengthening
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38. Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont.) Lateral Cervical Flexion Strengthening
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39. Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont.) Lateral Cervical Flexion
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40. Chapter Summary
This chapter reviewed upper-extremity activities, concepts for analysis, analyzed movement, and explained the kinetic chain concept.
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41. Chapter Summary (cont.)
Conditioning considerations for the overload principle, SAID principle, specificity, and breathing were reviewed.
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42. Chapter Summary (cont.)
Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the upper extremity explored stretching and strengthening of a variety of muscles.
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43. Chapter Review
The Chapter Review is divided into true and false, short answers, and multiple choice questions.
The questions are designed for the students to test their knowledge.
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44. Explore and Practice
Activities in this section are for practice and demonstration.
Field trip activities will help utilize the information in the chapter.
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