1. Discovering Literary Elements & Devices
Character
Conflict
Theme
Setting
Plot
Point of View

2. You will need to keep these in your binder ALL YEAR
You will need to keep these in your binder ALL YEAR!!! We will be referring back to this list often.

3. Literary Elements Setting Character Plot Conflict Point of View Theme
Tone/Mood

4. Setting
The time and location where a story takes place (the physical location, year, day, hour, culture)
Setting is created through descriptive words, sensory images, and details
Setting is used to create a mood or atmosphere or be the source of conflict or struggle

5. Character People in the story Protagonist – main character
Antagonist –the person against the protagonist
Primary (Main)Characters – play a major role within the story
Secondary (Minor) Characters – play a minor role within the story
Take a few minutes for students to list protagonists and antagonists from books or movies. Then list primary and secondary characters the same way.

6. Characters are…
Dynamic – developing personalities that change, for better or worse, by the end of the story
Static - do not experience basic character changes during the course of the story.
Round – complex, multidimensional, and developed, embodying a number of qualities and traits
Flat - stereotypical, have one or two characteristics that never change and are emphasized

7. Characterization
A writer reveals what a character is like and how the character changes throughout the story.
Two methods of characterization:
Direct- writer tells what the character is like
Indirect- writer shows what a character is like by describing what the character looks like, by telling what the character says and does, and by what other characters say about and do in response to the character.
Character motivation is what causes the character to behave and react to events and other characters in the story .

8. Plot Events that take place within a story (what happens)
Five Plot Steps
Introduction (exposition)
Rising action
Climax
Falling Action
Resolution (denoument)

9. Plot Components
Climax: the turning point, the most intense moment—either mentally or in action
Rising Action: the series of events and conflicts in the story that lead to the climax
Falling Action: all of the action which follows the climax
Exposition: The mood and conditions existing at the beginning of the story. The setting is identified. The main characters with their positions, circumstances and relationships to one another are established. The exciting force or initial conflict is introduced. Sometimes called the “Narrative HOOK” this begins the conflict that continues throughout the story.
Rising Action: The series of events, conflicts, and crises in the story that lead up to the climax, providing the progressive intensity, and complicate the conflict.
Climax: The turning point of the story. A crucial event takes place and from this point forward, the protagonist moves toward his inevitable end. The event may be either an action or a mental decision that the protagonist makes.
Falling Action: The events occurring from the time of the climax to the end of the story. The main character may encounter more conflicts in this part of the story, but the end is inevitable.
Resolution/Denouement: The tying up of loose ends and all of the threads in the story. The conclusion. The hero character either emerges triumphant or is defeated at this point.
Exposition: the start of the story, before the action starts
Resolution: the conclusion, the tying together of all of the threads

10. Plot

11. Plot

12. Conflict Main struggle (problem) of the story, drives the plot
Two categories of conflict:
Internal – inside the character
External – protagonist against an outside force
Four types of conflict:
Man vs Man
Man vs Environment
Man vs Society
Man vs Himself

13. Point of View The angle from which the story is told.
Narrator – the speaker, character, who recounts the events of a novel
First Person - The story is told by the protagonist or one of the characters who interacts closely with the protagonist. The reader sees the story through this person's eyes as he/she experiences it.
The unreliable narrator can't be trusted; either from ignorance or self-interest, this narrator speaks with a bias, makes mistakes, or even lies.
Second Person - Use of you to address a reader or listener directly. It does appear in letters, speeches, and step-by-step instructions. 

14. Point of View
Third Person Omniscient- The narrator can move from character to character, event to event, having free access to the thoughts, feelings and motivations of the characters and introduces information where and when he chooses.
Third Person Limited- The narrator tells the story primarily from one character’s pov and cannot move from character to character, event to event, or have free access to the thoughts, feelings and motivations of the characters.

15. Theme The story’s main idea or message – it is NOT a summary of events
There are several universal themes:
Love conquers all
Good vs evil
Rags to riches

16. Tone and Mood
Tone – the writer’s attitude towards the audience or subject
Mood (atmosphere) – the feeling created in the reader by the literary work or passage
Remember tone refers to the writer while mood refers to the reader

17. Review Bingo
Draw a 5 by 5 cell table. Write an literary element in each block. Do not use the same term twice. It is okay if you do not use all the terms defined. I will call out the definition for the terms we have studied. Write a number in the box of the term called out ( if tone was 1 write a 1 in the box for tone. When you have five in a row, call bingo. Then show me the card, if your terms are numbered correctly and in a row, you have bingo.
Tone
Internal Conflict
1st Pov
Theme
2nd Pov
Mood
Plot
External Conflict

18. Literary Devices and Techniques
On the EOG, reading passages include questions about the authors’ use of literary techniques and figurative language —tools authors use to convey meaning or to lend depth and richness to their writing.
Figurative language refers to expressions that are not literally true. Examples: metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole
These devices may be used in fiction, poetry, and nonfiction.

19. Surprise Ending
Surprise Ending- conclusion that reader does not expect
Friday The 13th (1980)
The Set-Up: 22 years after young Jason Voorhees died at Camp Crystal Lake, someone is menacing the camp councelors. Given that Jason’s body was never recovered, the hapless teens suspect he's returned to take his revenge…
The Twist: It isn’t Jason doing the killing, it’s his dear old mum!

20. Foreshadowing
Foreshadowing– hint of clue about what will happen in the story.
When looking for foreshadowing:
Are there phrases about the future?
Is there a change happening in the weather, the setting, or the mood?
Are there objects or scenic elements that suggest something happy, sad, dangerous, exciting, etc.?
Do characters or the narrator observe something in the background that might be a hint about something to come later?
“He had no idea of the disastrous chain of events to follow”. In this sentence, while the protagonist is clueless of further developments, the reader learns that something disastrous and problematic is about to happen to/for him.

21. Flashback
Flashback – interrupts the normal sequence of events to tell about something that happened in the past.
In chapter 2 of S.E. Hinton's 'The Outsiders', the protagonist/narrator Ponyboy shares information about his friend Johnny. One of the things he mentions is that Johnny always carries around with him a knife. Ponyboy uses a flashback to tell the story about the time Johnny was beaten up by a rival gang. He includes feelings of the people involved, and helps set up the background conflict between the two gangs in the story. This also gives readers an understanding for why Johnny carries around the knife.

22. Flash-forward
Flash-forward – represents expected or imagined events in the future interjected in the main plot revealing the important parts of the story that are yet to occur.
Charles Dickens’ “Christmas Carol”. The tightfisted and ill-tempered Scrooge is visited by the “Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come” who shows him his future. Scrooge sees himself dead, and people finding comfort and happiness in his death. No one mourns his death and the people he ruined in his life stole his wealth. He sees Mrs. Dilber, his housekeeper, selling his property to junkmen and friends. The only one touched by his death is a young and poor couple. His only legacy is a cheap tombstone in a graveyard. He weeps on his own grave and asks the third ghost of Christmas to give him a chance to change himself. He wakes up and finds that he is back on the Christmas morning of the present. Scrooge repents and becomes kind and generous.

23. Dialogue
Dialogue – the conversation between characters

24. Dialect
Dialect – the language used by the people of a specific area, class, or district. The term dialect involves the spelling, sounds, grammar and pronunciation used by a particular group of people and it distinguishes them from other people around them.

25. Symbol
Symbol – A person, a place, an object, or an action that stands for something beyond itself. Example: A single white dove flew above the warring country, lost in its path.

26. IRONY
Irony – an implied discrepancy between what is said and what is meant. Three kinds of irony:
verbal irony is when an author says one thing and means something else
dramatic irony is when an audience perceives something that a character in the literature does not know.
irony of situation is a discrepancy between the expected result and actual results.

27. IRONY

28. IRONY

29. IRONY

30. IRONY

31. Imagery
Imagery – Consists of words and phrases that appeal to readers’ five senses.
Example: Soft snow fall upon the waiting roofs. The fluffy flakes create a mound of white powder…

32. Alliteration
The repetition of an initial consonant sound. As J.R.R. Tolkien observed, alliteration "depends not on letters but on sounds." Thus the phrase know-nothing is alliterative, but climate change is not.
Alliteration is used to create a melody or mood, call attention to specific words, point out similarities and contrasts.

33. Assonance
The repetition of vowel sounds in a sequence of nearby words.
"Lose Yourself," Eminem (lyrics bolded to indicate the long “o” rhyme and italicized to indicate the short “a” rhyme):
Oh, there goes Rabbit, he choked He's so mad, but he won't give up that easy, no He won't have it, he knows his whole back's to these ropes It don't matter, he's dope He knows that, but he's broke He's so stagnant that he knows When he goes back to his mobile home, That's when it's back to the lab again yo

34. Allusion
A reference within a literary work to a historical, literary, or biblical character, place, or event.
Examples that allude to people or events in literature: 
“I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio’s.” This refers to the story of Pinocchio, where his nose grew whenever he told a lie. It is from The Adventures of Pinocchio, written by Carlo Collodi. 
“When she lost her job, she acted like a Scrooge, and refused to buy anything that wasn’t necessary.” Scrooge was an extremely stingy character from Charles Dickens’, A Christmas Carol. 
“Chocolate was her Achilles’ heel.” This means that her weakness was her love of chocolate. Achilles is a character in Greek mythology who was invincible. His mother dipped him in magical water when he was a baby, and she held him by the heel. The magic protected him all over, except for his heel.

35. Simile and Metaphor
Simile – direct comparison between two unlike objects using like or as.
Example: Paul Bunyan is as big as a mountain.
Metaphor – a figure of speech in which something is described as though it is something else. Unlike a simile, a metaphor does not contain like or as.
Example: Paul Bunyan is a mountain of a man.

36. Extended Metaphor
The Sea by James Reeves The sea is a hungry dog, Giant and grey. He rolls on the beach all day. With his clashing teeth and shaggy jaws Hour upon hour he gnaws The rumbling, tumbling stones, And 'Bones, bones, bones, bones! ' The giant sea-dog moans, Licking his greasy paws. And when the night wind roars And the moon rocks in the stormy cloud, He bounds to his feet and snuffs and sniffs, Shaking his wet sides over the cliffs, And howls and hollos long and loud.
But on quiet days in May or June, When even the grasses on the dune Play no more their reedy tune, With his head between his paws He lies on the sandy shores, So quiet, so quiet, he scarcely snores.

37. Extended Metaphor
The whole poem is a metaphor. What two things are being identified?
‘Giant and grey.’ What two qualities of the sea is James Reeves highlighting?
What are some of the qualities the sea and a dog have in common?
Can you suggest why the poet writes ‘bones’ four times in the one line?
‘Shaking his wet sides over the cliffs…’ What is the sea doing?
‘And howls ands hollos long and loud.’ What aspect of the sea is the poet describing?
‘With his head between his paws … .’ What does this dog-picture tell us about the sea?
In the last two lines of the poem, the poet uses quite a number of ‘s’ sounds. What picture of the sea do these sounds give you?

38. Hyperbole
A figure of speech in which the truth is exaggerated for emphasis or for humorous effect.

39. Idiom
The group of words taken together have little or nothing to do with the meanings of the words taken one by one.
You must go beyond the literal meanings of the words in the idiom to understand its meaning.
 A Dime A Dozen:  Anything that is common and easy to get.
A Leopard Can't Change His Spots:  You cannot change who you are. Finding Your Feet:  To become more comfortable in whatever you are doing
Cliché - An expression, such as “turn over a new leaf,” that has been used and reused so many times that it has lost its expressive power.

40. Idioms See if you can determine what these idioms are really saying.
He was all ears when his boss called.
She was just a chip off the old block.
His comments threw a wet blanket on the discussion.
They were beat after a hard day’s work.
After the manager quit, they were all in the same boat.

41. Pun
Pun – a play on words that uses the similarity in sound between two words with distinctly different meanings.

42. Oxymoron
Figure of speech that combines two normally contradictory terms.
Examples: icy hot; jumbo shrimp; bittersweet

43. Onomatopoeia The use of words whose sounds suggests their meaning.
Example: The boom of thunder woke me from my nap.

44. Onomatopoeia
ONOMATOTODAY In the morning yawn, stretch to the bathroom scratch, blink in the shower scrub, splash to the closet whisk, rustle down the hall thump, creak in the kitchen clank, clink
to the car
click, slam
on the road
honk, screech
at the office
tick, ring
out to lunch
munch, slurp
return home
thug, moan
on to bed
shuffle, snore
Cathy Christensen

45. Personification
The giving of human qualities to an animal, object, or idea.
Example: Winter trees are starving, lacking leaves of spring.

46. Repetition ( Refrain)
A technique in which a sound, word, phrase, or line is repeated for effect or emphasis.
Example:
In my sleep,
I dream
I believe
I mourn

47. The End

48. I wish I could say all of this is mine. But it’s not
I wish I could say all of this is mine... But it’s not. It is a conglomeration of all the different notes I have picked up over the years.