1. Hari Purnomo, PhD DIC

2. PARASITOID  Serangga yang yang memparasit serangga lain/arthropoda lain pada fase pradewasa, dan ketika dewasa free living  eventually kill their host after completing develop- ment and use only a single host. PARASIT  Organisme hidup yang hidup pada/dalam organis-me lain (seluruh siklus hidupnya berada di inanng)  they gain nourishment

3.  26 families of parasitoids,the groups used most frequently in biological control are Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Eulophidae, Pteromalidae, Encyrtidae, and Aphelinidae (HYMENOPTERA)  Tachinidae (DIPTERA)

4.  Mostly Holometabalous  Males in many species are smaller than females and The immatures feed on hosts either externally or internally and usually have no legs or eyes.  The free-living adult parasitoids have eyes, antennae to detect chemical cues, legs, and wings. Adults are therefore usually the mobile stage, being better able to disperse, find a mate and find healthy hosts for development of their progeny  Females have an elongated tubular egg-laying structure, called an ovipositor

7.  All insect life stages can be parasitized : parasitoid telur, larva dan pupa  Parasitoids whose larvae develop inside the host are called endoparasitoids and those that develop externally are ectoparasitoids  If parasitoids permit hosts to grow after being attacked they are called koinobionts : internal parasitoids that attack young larvae or nymphs and a few ectoparasitoids, such as some pimpline ichneumonids on spider and most ctenopelmatine ichneumonids

8.  idiobionts allow no growth after attack. These are either internal parasitoids of egg, pupae, or adults (which do not grow), or external parasitoids  the number of parasitoid individuals or species that develop in a single host include solitary parasitoid; gregarious Parasitoid for which several can do so  Superparasitism occurs when more eggs, of onespecies, are laid than can survive  the presence of two or more individuals of different species is called multiparasitism  When one parasitoid attacks another hyperparasitism occurs

14. Pencarian Lokasi Habitat Inang Pencarian Lokasi Inang Penerimaan Inang Kecocokan Inang

17.  Alat mulut  Wing Coupling  Modifikasi Abdomen (Propodeum dan Ovipositor)  Serangga Sosial  Haplodiploid sex determination

18. 1) Mouthparts (ancestral feature)

19. Distinguishing Features 2) Wing coupling (derived feature) hamulae

20. Distinguishing Features 3) Abdominal modifications (derived feature) Narrow “waist”

21. Distinguishing Features 3) Abdominal modifications

22. Distinguishing Features 3) Abdominal modifications

23. Distinguishing Features 3) Abdominal modifications First abdominal segment (propodeum)

24. Distinguishing Features 3) Abdominal modifications - Stingers gonoplac Tergum 9 first gonapophysis (lancet) second gonapophysis (stylet)

25. Distinguishing Features 3) Abdominal modifications - Stingers first gonapophysis (lancet) second gonapophysis (stylet)

26. Distinguishing Features 4) Social structure Queen Workers Males (drones)