1. Animal Form and Function Ch 40 AP Biology

2. Overview Anatomy: the structure of an organism Physiology: the processes and functions of an organism “STRUCTURE = FUNCTION”

3. 40.1 Animal Form and Function are correlated at all levels of organization “What they look like” “What they do”

4. Physical Constraints Physical laws constrain evolution Ex: Fusiform marine body shapes Ex: Maximum body size (weight of bones, muscles, etc)

5. Exchange with Environment Nutrients, waste products, and gases must be exchanged with the environment (aqueous) Rate of exchange : Surface Area Amount to exchange : Volume What is the relationship between size and SA:V? (Whale vs fruit fly) Larger, complex animals exchange nutrients between interstitial fluid and circulatory fluid Interstitial Fluid = fluid between cells

8. Organization of Body Plans Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organism Know Chart from Bozeman on systems

9. Tissues Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous *Study Figure 40.5

10. Epithelial Tissue Function: Organ and body cavity lining Outer covering Protection against: pathogens, damage, fluid loss Environmental interface Shapes of cells: cuboidal, columnar, squamous (thin and flat) Arrangements: simple, stratified, psuedostratified

12. Connective Tissue Function: bind and support other tissues in the body Cells are suspended in extracellular matix (fibers in various forms of liquid or jelly-like solids). 6 Types: Loose connective tissue Cartilage Fibrous connective Blood Adipose Bone

13. Extra Cellular Matrix

15. Major Connective Tissue Cells Fibroblasts: secrete protein ingredients of extracellular fibers Macrophages: engulf foreign particles and debris by phagocytosis

16. Muscle Tissue Function: body movement Most abundant tissue in animals Muscle cells contain actin and myosin filaments Consumes A LOT of energy Which organelle would you expect to find in abundance? 3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

18. Coordination and Control Signals Endocrine system  Hormones Slow- Acting Longer- Lasting Hormones sent throughout the body are received by specific cells Nervous System  electrical impulses along neurons Specific signal sent on a SPECIFIC pathway Fast response, short-lived Received by: neurons, endocrine, exocrine, and muscle cells

19. Nervous Tissue Function: sense stimuli and transmit impulses Cell categories: neurons and glia

21. 40.2 Feedback control loops maintain the internal environment in many animals

22. Regulating and Conforming Regulator: maintains internal conditions regardless of the environment Conformer: allows internal condition to conform to external changes

23. Homeostasis Homeostasis: “steady state, internal balance” Temperature, pH, solutes (glucose)

24. Feedback Loops Negative Feedback loop: response reduces stimulus Ex: evaporative cooling Normal range vs. set point Normal range can change! Ex: hormones during puberty Acclimatization: process by which an animal adjusts to its external environment. Ex: training in Colorado Positive Feedback loop: amplifies stimulus Ex: childbirth

26. 40.3 Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behavior

27. Thermoregulation Thermoregulation: process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range. Temperature affects: Membrane fluidity (increase temp, increase fluidity) Enzyme activity

28. Endothermy vs. Ectothermy Endothermic: warmed by metabolism Ex: Birds and Mammals, some fish, most insects Require more food Exothermic: warmed by external sources Ex: amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, fish, etc Sources: water, sun, rocks, etc Eat less

29. Heat Exchange Radiation Evaporation Conduction Convection

31. Adaptations Insulation: fat, blubber, feathers, skin, etc Circulation Vasodilation: increase in diameter of blood vessels  increase blood flow, increase heat loss Vasoconstriction: decrease diameter  decrease blood flow, decrease heat loss Concurrent exchange : flow of adjacent fluids in opposing directions that maximizes transfer rates of heat or solutes

32. Coutercurrent heat flow animation http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/facilities/multimedi a/uploads/zoology/counter%20current.html http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/facilities/multimedi a/uploads/zoology/counter%20current.html

33. Countercurrent Exchange

34. Behavioral Thermoregulation Exposure to sunlight or shade: posture & position Group “huddling”

35. Other Mechanisms Metabolic Heat Production Thermogenesis; Ex: Shivering Nonshivering Thermogenesis: Mitochondria produce heat instead of ATP Heat Acclimatization: increased RBC production, “cellular antifreeze” Video Video Physiological “thermostat” – hypothalamus

36. Thermogenesis in Mitochondria

38. 40.4 Energy Requirements are related to animal size, activity, and environment

39. Bioenergetics: The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism Metabolic Rate: amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time Minimum metabolic rate Basic cell functions Basal Metabolic Rate in Endotherms (BMR) Standard Metabolic Rate in Ectotherms (SMR) Ectothermy requires less energy Ectotherms use about 1/200 the energy of the same sized endotherm

40. Metabolic Rate Size Body size is directly proportional to energy cost A mouse uses more energy to support 1g of its body than an elephant does to support 1 g of its body Activity Energy Budget  Torpor Hibernation

41. Energy Budget

42. BMR and body size relationship A mouse uses more energy to support 1g of its body than an elephant does to support 1 g of its body. (SA:V ratio?)