1. HUBERT KAIRUKI MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES AND ETHICS SUBJECT: BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE TOPIC: ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.(ADHD)

2. PREPARED BY MOHAMED AMRI GEORGE MSENGI JOHNSON MCHOMVU SARAFINA WEASELEY

3. OUTLINE OF TOPIC Introduction. Specific Objective. General discussion. Common questions and misconceptions. Summary. Conclusion. Recommendation. Reference.

4. Introduction to Attention Deficit hyperactivity disorder. (ADHD) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood brain disorders and can continue through adolescence and adulthood. Symptoms include difficulty staying focused and paying attention, difficulty controlling behavior, and hyperactivity (over-activity). These symptoms can make it difficult for a child with ADHD to succeed in school, get along with other children or adults, or finish tasks at home

5. Intoduction cont… Brain imaging studies have revealed that, in youth with ADHD, the brain matures in a normal pattern but is delayed, on average, by about 3 years. The delay is most pronounced in brain regions involved in thinking, paying attention, and planning. More recent studies have found that the outermost layer of the brain, the cortex, shows delayed maturation overall, and a brain structure important for proper communications between the two halves of the brain shows an abnormal growth pattern. These delays and abnormalities may underlie the hallmark symptoms of ADHD and help to explain how the disorder may develop.

6. Areas implicated by ADHD.

7. OBJECTIVES To understand the medical reasoning behind ADHD. To diagnose and treat patients having ADHD. See how psychotherapy and behavioral modification can help treat ADHD. To gain transferable knowledge on ADHD. The understand the conditions that can coexist with ADHD.

8. THE GENERAL DISCUSSIONS.

9. WHAT IS ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER? Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental neuropsychiatric disorder in which there are significant problems with executive functions( e.g. attentional control and inhibitory control) that cause attention deficits, hyperactivity, or impulsiveness which is not appropriate for a person's age

10. more on ADHD… These symptoms must begin by age six to twelve and persist for more than six months for a diagnosis to be made.

11. Types of ADHD. According to the CDC, there are three types of ADHD. They are defined according to which symptoms stand out the most. 1. Predominantly Inattentive Type The person finds it very difficult to organize or finish a task. They find it hard to pay attention to details and find it difficult to follow instructions or conversations. 2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type The person finds it hard to keep still - they fidget and talk a lot. A smaller child may be continually jumping, running or climbing. They are restless and impulsive - interrupting others, grabbing things and speaking at inappropriate times. They have difficulty waiting their turn and find it hard to listen to directions. A person with this type of ADHD will have more injuries and/or accidents than others. 3. Combined Type A person whose symptoms include all those of 1 and 2, and whose symptoms are equally predominant. In other words, all the symptoms in 1 and 2 stand out equally.

12. What causes ADHD? Scientists are not sure what causes ADHD, although many studies suggest that genes play a large role. Like many other illnesses, ADHD probably results from a combination of factors.  Genetics  environmental factors  brain injuries  Nutrition  social environment All these might contribute to ADHD.

13. What are the symptoms of ADHD in children? Inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity are the key behaviors of ADHD.

15. Each of the above symptoms tends to show various tendencies. Some of the associated tendencies are highlighted as follows:

16. tendencies associated with inattention. Be easily distracted, miss details, forget things, and frequently switch from one activity to another Have difficulty focusing on one thing Become bored with a task after only a few minutes, unless they are doing something enjoyable Have difficulty focusing attention on organizing and completing a task or learning something new Have trouble completing or turning in homework assignments, often losing things (e.g., pencils, toys, assignments) needed to complete tasks or activities Not seem to listen when spoken to Daydream, become easily confused, and move slowly Have difficulty processing information as quickly and accurately as others Struggle to follow instructions.

18. tendencies associated with hyperactivity. Fidget and squirm in their seats Talk nonstop Dash around, touching or playing with anything and everything in sight Have trouble sitting still during dinner, school, and story time Be constantly in motion Have difficulty doing quiet tasks or activities.

20. Tendencies associated with impulsivity. Be very impatient Blurt out inappropriate comments, show their emotions without restraint, and act without regard for consequences Have difficulty waiting for things they want or waiting their turns in games Often interrupt conversations or others' activities.

22. DIAGNOSIS OF ADHD. No single test can diagnose a child as having ADHD. Instead, a licensed health professional needs to gather information about the child, and his or her behavior and environment. During diagnosis the mental health specialist may try to rule out any other possible cause for the associated symptoms.

23. More on diagnosis… After ruling out all such accompanying causes, only then can the mental health specialist verify whether the condition is ADHD or not….

24. Treatment for ADHD. Currently available treatments aim at reducing the symptoms of ADHD and improving functioning. Treatments include medication, various types of psychotherapy, education and training, or a combination of treatments.

25. Medication on ADHD. Stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamines are the most common type of medication used for treating ADHD. Although it may seem counterintuitive to treat hyperactivity with a stimulant, these medications actually activate brain circuits that support attention and focused behavior, thus reducing hyperactivity. In addition, a few non-stimulant medications, such as atomoxetine, guanfacine, and clonidine, are also available. For many children, ADHD medications reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity and improve their ability to focus, work, and learn. Medications also may improve physical coordination

26. Some possible causes for the symptoms of ADHD… Is experiencing undetected seizures that could be associated with other medical conditions Has a middle ear infection that is causing hearing problems Has any undetected hearing or vision problems Has any medical problems that affect thinking and behavior Has any learning disabilities Has anxiety or depression, or other psychiatric problems that might cause ADHD-like symptoms Has been affected by a significant and sudden change, such as the death of a family member, a divorce, or parent's job loss.

27. SUMMARY ADHD is a common childhood disorder with many causes which are often genetic It can produce serious life distress such as learning, behaviour, social and teen safety.

28. CONCLUSION Can adults have ADHD? Some children with ADHD continue to have it as adults. And many adults who have the disorder don't know it. They may feel that it is impossible to get organized, stick to a job, or remember and keep appointments. Daily tasks such as getting up in the morning, preparing to leave the house for work, arriving at work on time, and being productive on the job can be especially challenging for adults with ADHD. These adults may have a history of failure at school, problems at work, or difficult or failed relationships. Many have had multiple traffic accidents. Like teens, adults with ADHD may seem restless and may try to do several things at once, most of them unsuccessfully. They also tend to prefer "quick fixes," rather than taking the steps needed to achieve greater rewards.

30. RECOMMENDATIONS. Parents and teachers can miss the fact that children with symptoms of inattention have ADHD because they are often quiet and less likely to act out. They may sit quietly, seeming to work, but they are often not paying attention to what they are doing. They may get along well with other children, whereas children who have more symptoms of hyperactivity or impulsivity tend to have social problems. But children with the inattentive kind of ADHD are not the only ones whose disorders can be missed. For example, adults may think that children with the hyperactive and impulsive symptoms just have disciplinary problems.

31. REFERENCES http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/atte ntion-deficit-hyperactivity- disorder/ADHD_Booklet_CL508_144426.pdf http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/atte ntion-deficit-hyperactivity- disorder/ADHD_Booklet_CL508_144426.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyp eractivity_disorder http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyp eractivity_disorder http://psychcentral.com/disorders/attention- deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-symptoms/