1. PSYCHOLOGY:

2. Maybe you’ve heard his music.
Name the artist?
Do you know who this is?
Maybe you’ve heard his music.

3. Kurt Cobain
Member of top grunge band of early 90’s, Nirvana
Wife, daughter, fame, popularity
At age 27, pressed the barrel of a 20-gauge shotgun to his head, and pulled the trigger
In his diary, he wrote, “When you wake up this morning, please read my diary. Look through my things and figure me out”.

4. If so, how could we have explored what was in Kurt’s unconscious?
Did Kurt Cobain write the song, “I Hate Myself and Want To Die” because of some unconscious forces that he was unaware of and had repressed?
If so, how could we have explored what was in Kurt’s unconscious?

5. “Everything is my fault/I’ll take all the blame” - All Apologies
“Monkey see monkey do/ I don’t know why I’d rather be dead than cool” - Stay Away
“Everything is my fault/I’ll take all the blame” - All Apologies
Freud had trouble proving there was an unconscious, but he might have looked at these lyrics and said that Cobain was hiding some of his Unconscious feelings in his lyrics.

6. Figuring someone out involves exploring PERSONALITY
Researchers have developed many ways of assessing personality, but even if we do gain an understanding of how we are (personality), the question of why we are that way (theories of personality) remains.
Personality theories help us understand the differences among people

7. PERSONALITY DEFINED
Personality is the consistent, enduring, and unique characteristics of a person
Personality traits are characteristic behaviors and feelings that are consistent and long lasting
Personality States are temporary patterns of behavior and feelings that may arise in a specific situation
Personality is a construct, like consciousness.

8. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES
Emphasize the unconscious (part of the mind that contains material we are unaware of but that strongly influences behavior)
Unconscious feelings as children = impact
adulthood
Main ideas developed by Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis involves analyzing thoughts and feelings to reveal what is going on beneath the surface (unconscious)

9. Freud Described the following:

11. FREUD’S ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
Freud used the Id, Ego, and Superego to try to explain how the mind functions and personality is shaped

12. Id instinctual & biological urges
lustful, impulsive, fun – pleasure principle
completely unconscious
Seeks immediate gratification of impulses (what feels good)
Ignores consequences
Following the pleasure principle (ID) leads to conflict with others (parents) and results in the development of the EGO in the 2nd and 3rd year of life.

13. Ego Rational & thoughtful
Based on the reality principle, the awareness that gratification of impulses has to be delayed in order to accommodate the demands of the real world.

14. Superego
Responsible for society’s rules of behavior (moral standards). Feels guilty if rules are disobeyed.
Based on morality principle, must follow moral standards and rules and breaking them causes guilt.
Ask students what would happen to a person with a weak superego? Possible answers – no stopping id, self-centered, only worry about their own needs
Ask students what would happen to a person with a strong superego? Possible answers – driven by morals and guilt, just thinking bad thoughts would cause guilt and stress
The superego is like the “angel” or police force.
The superego would let us die rather than break a rule.
Superego: internalized societal and parental standards of "good" and "bad" and "right" and "wrong" behaviour.
By the age of five, or the end of the phallic stage of development, the Superego develops.  The Superego is the moral part of us and develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on us by our caregivers

15. ID & SUPEREGO are frequently in conflict. Ego must satisfy both.
ID – What you WANT TO DO
EGO – What you CAN DO
SUPEREGO – What you SHOULD DO
ID & SUPEREGO are frequently in conflict. Ego must satisfy both.
Rather than feel conflict or frustration when the ID’s desires & SUPEREGO’s rules cannot be satisfied, humans distort reality using DEFENSE MECHANISMS

16. Defense Mechanisms

17. Defense Mechanisms
Used by ego to mask ID’s raw impulses into more socially acceptable behavior.
Rationalization: we unconsciously generate self-justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons why we act
Reaction Formation: the ego unconsciously makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposites; “I hate him” becomes “I love him”
Intellectualization: trying to overthink or “logic” your way out of discomfort; for instance, instead of focusing on sadness over a terminal diagnosis, you focus on the details of the disease

18. Freud’s View of Humor
Freud viewed jokes as expressions of repressed sexual and aggressive tendencies
Dead baby, “mommy mommy,” marriage broker jokes are funny because our id enjoys them—but then we quickly feel bad about that enjoyment because of our superego

19. Freud’s techniques for exploring the Unconscious
Freud believed that information in the unconscious emerges in slips of the tongue, jokes, dreams, illness symptoms, etc. These are called Freudian Slips. (“When you say one thing, but you mean your mother.”)
Dream interpretation, or analyzing dreams
Psychoanalysis

20. Freud’s Developmental Stages
Stages of Development:
Oral stage: (birth to 1 ½ )
Focus is on feeding and weaning
Anal Stage: (1 ½ to 2 ½ )
Focus is on toilet training
Phallic Stage: (2 ½ to 5 or 6)
Focus is on Oedipus Complex
Interest in opposite sex parent
Latency Stage: (6 to preadolescence)
Earlier conflicts become hidden
Genital Stage: (adolescence onward)
Focus is on seeking a marital partner
Earlier conflicts reappear

21. FREUD’S LEGACY
1ST Person to propose unified theory to understand and explain human behavior
No theory more complete, complex, or controversial
Some criticize his theory for being impossible to test
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was the predecessor of all later personality theories

22. OTHER PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES
IN FREUD’S FOOTSTEPS….
OTHER PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES
Carl Jung
Freud’s personal successor before relationship ended because Jung disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on sexual urges
The Collective unconscious (part of the mind that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people) holds Archetypes (an inherited idea based on experiences of one’s ancestors, which shapes one’s personality)
Jung believed we fit our personalities to our Archetypes
Jung began to separate from Freudian theory, rejecting Freud's emphasis on sex as the sole source of behavior motivation
Personal unconscious – repressed feelings and thoughts developed during life
Jung believed the human psyche exists in three parts: the ego (the conscious mind), the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. Jung believed the collective unconscious was a reservoir of all the experience and knowledge of the human species.

23. ALFRED ADLER
Believed people are driven to overcome feelings of inferiority
Inferiority Complex – when a person continually tries to compensate for his weakness and avoid feelings of inadequacy.
For those of us who strive to be accomplished writers, powerful business people, or influential politicians, it is because of our feelings of inferiority and a strong need to over come this negative part of us according to Adler.  This excessive feeling of inferiority can also have the opposite effect.  As it becomes overwhelming and without the needed successes, we can develop an inferiority complex.  This belief leaves us with feeling incredibly less important and deserving than others, helpless, hopeless, and unmotivated to strive for the superiority that would make us complete.

24. Karen Horney
Our primary goal, in Horney’s opinion, is establishing security.
If our need for security isn’t fulfilled when we’re little, Horney believed we’ll spend the rest of our lives looking for it.
Children who find security with their parents will continue to find security with others later on; children who fail to find security with others will grow up feeling insecure and distrustful of others, resulting in three behaviors: avoiding others, always giving in to others, or dominating others.

25. LEARNING THEORIES Group of theorists known as Behaviorists
Main belief is that the environment and reinforcement shape personality
As individuals differ in their learning experiences, they acquire different behaviors and, hence, different personalities
Focus on observable behaviors (not thoughts)

26. B.F. SKINNER
Personality arises from Operant conditioning (specifically reinforcement)
What is the behavior and what causes (reinforces) it?

27. ALBERT BANDURA
Personality acquired through reinforcement AND observational learning, or imitation
People direct behavior by choice of models
Called Social Cognitive Theory

28. HUMANISTIC THEORIES
Believe all humans strive for self-actualization, or the realization of their potential
Becoming true to oneself and having an ability to grow

29. ABRAHAM MASLOW

30. CARL ROGERS
Two sides to each person (What they value and what they believe others value in them)
Self – one’s image of oneself (who they are) developed through interaction with others
Everyone wants Positive regard – viewing oneself in favorable light due to supportive feedback from others
People may reject parts of their person if they don’t receive positive regard
The self and the person are often different but accepting your person results in becoming a fully functioning individual

31. TRAIT THEORIES
Try to explain consistency and normal, healthy behavior in different situations
Trait - relatively stable and enduring tendency to behave in a particular way
Humanistic Psychology gets its name from its belief in the basic goodness and respect of humankind
Traits apply to all people.
Can quantify traits (scale 1-10 how nice are you)

32. BIG FIVE TRAIT THEORY
Current popular belief; all personality traits derive from five basic personality traits
EXTRAVERSION
AGREEABLENESS
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE
NEUROTICISM

33. O C E A N penness xtraversion euroticism greeableness onscientiousness
This is an example of a mnemonic device used to help remember (retrieval)

35. PERSONALITY TESTS – WHY?
Personality Tests ASSESS an individual’s CHARACTERISTICS and IDENTIFY PROBLEMS. They can help PREDICT future behavior.

36. OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS
A limited- or –forced choice test in which a person must select on of several answers
MMPI-2 – Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) –
Most widely used objective test
567 questions divided into groups. People answer true, false, cannot say.
Originally to help diagnose mental disorders
MBTI - Myers-Briggs Test –
Rate personality on four scales
Extraversion vs. Introversion
Intuition vs. Sensing
Feeling vs. Thinking
Judging vs. Perceiving

37. PROJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS
Require subjects to respond to pictures and phrases that can be interpreted in many different ways.
Rorschach Test – series of ten inkblots that subjects look at and determine what they see. Most widely used.
The Rorschach is currently the second most commonly used test in forensic assessment, after the MMPI
Originally created by Hermann Rorschach in 1921, the scoring system was improved after his death
What do you see in this picture?
(TAT) Thematic Apperception Test – series of pictures containing a variety of vague but suggestive scenes. 2nd most widely used