1. Agenda

2. Review
How did imperialism contribute to the growth and globalization of the world economy?

3. Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)

4. Essential learning: The crisis of the imperial order (1900-1929)

5. Objectives
Evaluate the causes of World War I?

6. Essential Questions
How did militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism cause World War I?

8. Map 29.1: Europe in 1913.
On the eve of World War I, Europe was divided between two great alliance systems—the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) and the Entente (France, Great Britain, and Russia)—and their respective colonial empires. These alliances were not stable. When war broke out, the Triple Alliance lost Italy but gained the Ottoman Empire.
Map 29-1, p. 768

9. Target: Origins of the Crisis in Europe and the Middle East
Causes of World War I (MAIN)
Militarism
Alliances
Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente – France, Russia, Britain
Imperialism

10. Nationalism United France, Britain, and Germany.
Divided Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires.
Balkans – “Powder Keg”
Pan-Slavism (Slavic nationalism) created tension.

14. Assassination of Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand
July 28, 1914 – A-H declared war on Serbia.

16. World War I Schlieffen Plan Western Front
Machine guns, trenches = stalemate.
Poison gas, gas masks, tanks, airplanes.
German unrestricted submarine warfare.
Lusitania and Zimmermann Telegram = US entrance.

17. Map 29.2: The First World War in Europe.
After an initial surge through Belgium into northern France, the German offensive bogged down for four years along the Western Front. To the East, the German armies conquered a large part of Russia during 1917 and early Despite spectacular victories in the east, Germany lost the war because its armies collapsed along the strategically important Western Front.
Map 29-2, p. 770

27. The Home Front and the War Economy
Total war.
Unemployment vanished. (Women filled jobs)

28. Women in World War I.
Women played a more important role in World War I than in previous wars. As the armies drafted millions of men, employers hired women for essential war work. This poster extolls the importance of women workers in supplying munitions.
p. 771

29. Who is this poster
targeting?
How is this population
supposed to feel?

30. Who does this poster
target?
What is being asked?
Why?

31. The Ottoman Empire at War
Wanted land at Russia’s expense.
Armenian Genocide – expelled Christian Armenians from Anatolia. (up to 1.5 million deaths.)
Arab Revolt of 1916.

32. Zionism – Jewish nationalism
Desired a homeland.
1917 Balfour Declaration – statement favoring a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Led to conflicts between Palestinian and Jewish settlers.

33. The End of the War in Western Europe
US President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
League of Nations.
11/11/18 armistice.

34. Map 29.3: Territorial Changes in Europe After World War I.
Although the heaviest fighting took place in western Europe, the territorial changes there were relatively minor. In eastern Europe, in contrast, the changes were enormous. The disintegration of the Austro-Hungary Empire and the defeat of Russia allowed a belt of new countries to arise, stretching from Finland in the north to Yugoslavia in the south.
Map 29-3, p. 776

35. Agenda

36. Review
How did militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism cause World War I?

37. Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)

38. Essential learning: The crisis of the imperial order (1900-1929)

39. Objectives
Describe the causes of the Russian Revolution.

40. Essential Questions
What were the causes of the Russian Revolution?

41. Target: The Russian Revolution
Causes
Russo-Japanese War (1904) defeat
“Bloody Sunday” (1905) – peaceful marchers wanted reform, czar’s troops opened fire.
Poor performance in WWI
Widespread hunger.

44. March 1917 – mass demonstrations, formation of soviets (councils) to take over factories and barracks.
Tsar abdicated, Alexander Kerensky formed Provisional Government.

45. Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)
Promised peace, land, and bread.
October Revolution (November 6, 1917)
Workers, soldiers, and sailors took Petrograd.

46. Lenin the Orator.
The leader of the Bolshevik revolutionaries was a spellbinding orator. Here Lenin is addressing Red Army soldiers in Sverdlov Square, Moscow, in 1920.
p. 777

47. Nationalized private land, ordered peasants to hand over crops.
Took factories, created compulsory labor brigades.
Checka – secret police.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) ended involvement in WWI.
Territorial losses.

48. December 1918 – civil war. Allies supplied counter-revolutionaries.
Famine – nearly 3 million deaths.
The Red Army (Communists) won by 1921.

49. 1922 – Ukraine merged with Russia – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
Poor economic situation.

51. 1923 – Lenin announced the New Economic Policy (NEP)
Peasants could own land and sell crops.
Some private business ownership.
Gov’t owned banks, railroads, factories.
Relaxation of controls = rise in production.

52. Lenin’s death (1924) = power struggle between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.

53. Essential Questions
What were the causes of the Russian Revolution?

54. Agenda

55. Review
What were the causes of the Russian Revolution?

56. Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)

57. Essential learning: The crisis of the imperial order (1900-1929)

58. Objectives
Evaluate the role that World War I played in eroding European dominance in the world.

59. Essential Questions
How did World War I erode European dominance in the world?

60. Target: Peace and Dislocation in Europe (1919-1929)
The Impact of the War
8-10 million deaths.
Displacement.
US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand passed immigration restrictions.
Spanish Influenza ( ) – 20 million deaths.
Environmental damage.

61. Paris Peace Conference: The Treaty of Versailles
Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (Britain), George Clemenceau (France)

63. Terms imposed on Germany:
$33 billion in reparations
Demilitarization.
Loss of territory.
“Guilt clause” – accepted responsibility for WWII.

64. Austria-Hungary fell apart.
Emergence of Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

65. An Ephemeral Peace
Survivors – unrealistic expectations, disillusionment.
No countries were happy with the outcome.
1923 – Germany suspended reparation payments.
Recklessly printing money = severe inflation.
1924 – a few years of calm and prosperity.

66. Essential Questions
How did World War I erode European dominance in the world?

67. Agenda

68. Review
How did World War I erode European dominance in the world?

69. Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)

70. Essential learning: The crisis of the imperial order (1900-1929)

71. Objectives
Identify why China and Japan followed such divergent paths in the early 1900s.

72. Essential Questions
Why did China and Japan follow such divergent paths in the early 1900s?

73. Target: China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies
Social and Economic Change
China
Largest and fastest growing population
Peasants struggled.
Landowners.
Officials rich from taxes and gov’t monopolies.

74. Japan
Few natural resources and little arable land for its rising population.
Ring of Fire.

75. Economic growth aggravated social tensions.
Some disliked Western ways, youth embraced them.
Powerful zaibatsu.
Poor farmers.
Weak labor unions.
Prosperity from foreign trade.

76. Revolution and War (1900-1918) China Post-Boxer Rebellion.
Students wanted revolution to overthrow Qing and modernize.

77. Sun Yat-sen (1867-1925) Three Principles of Reform
Nationalism, democracy, economic security
Elected president in December 1911, but had no military forces.

78. Yuan Shikai Able military leader, no political program.
Sun reorganized followers into the Guomindang (National People’s Party), but Yuan crushed attempt at a Western-style government.

79. Japan Joined the Allies during WWI.
Conquered German colonies in the northern Pacific and on the coast of China.
1915 – presented China with Twenty-One Demands
Anti-Japanese riots and boycotts.

80. Chinese Warlords and the Guomindang (1919-1929)
May Fourth Movement (May 4, 1919) – Chinese students demonstrated.
Great powers had accepted Japan’s seizure of the German enclaves in China at the Paris Peace Conference.

81. Leadership of Guomindang passed to Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) in 1925.
Crushed labor unions and the Communists.
Dictatorship.
Plans to build railroads, agriculture, industry.
Tax collectors and landowners took peasant money.
The little money that reached the gov’t went to the military.

82. Essential Questions

83. Agenda

84. Review

85. Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)

86. Essential learning: The crisis of the imperial order (1900-1929)

87. Objectives
Evaluate how the Middle East changed as a result of World War I.

88. Essential Questions
How did the Middle East change as a result of World War I?

89. Target: The New Middle East
The Mandate System
Former German colonies and Ottoman possessions given to the Allies after WWI, to be administered under League supervision.

90. Class C Mandates: smallest pops., treated as colonies.
German islands in the Pacific.
Class B Mandates: to be ruled for the benefit of their inhabitants.
Most of Germany’s African colonies.

91. Class A Mandates: “independent,” but with supervision.
Arab-speaking territories of the Ottoman Empire.
Arabs saw promise of independence.

92. The Rise of Modern Turkey
End of WWI – Ottoman Empire on the brink of collapse.

93. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (“father of the Turks”)
1919 – formed a nationalist gov’t in central Anatolia.
1922 – reconquered Anatolia and the area around Constantinople.

94. Program of modernization.
Abolished sultanate, created secular republic.
European laws.
Suppressed Muslim courts and schools.
Latin alphabet.
Civil equality for women.
Clothing changes.
Islamic traditions still strong in rural areas.

95. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
After World War I, Mustafa Kemal was determined to modernize Turkey on the Western model. Here he is shown wearing a European-style suit and teaching the Latin alphabet.
p. 781

96. Arab Lands and the Question of Palestine
Arabs saw mandate system as foreign occupation.
Dramatic societal changes.
Middle class – Western customs.
Some sons sent to European schools.
Some women became schoolteachers or nurses.

97. Britain and French attempts to control.
Before the war, a Jewish minority lived in Palestine, and in other Arab countries.
After 1920, many more came from Europe.
Purchases of land angered Palestinians.
Guerrilla warfare by the 1930s.

98. Map 29.4: Territorial Changes in the Middle East After World War I.
The defeat and dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I resulted in an entirely new political map of the region. The Turkish Republic inherited Anatolia and a small piece of the Balkans, while the Ottoman Empire’s Arab provinces were divided between France and Great Britain. Only Iran and Egypt did not change.
Map 29-4, p. 784

99. Essential Questions
How did the Middle East change as a result of World War I?

100. Agenda

101. Review
How did the Middle East change as a result of World War I?

102. Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)

103. Essential learning: The crisis of the imperial order (1900-1929)

104. Objectives
Describe how European and North American society and technology changed in the aftermath of World War I.

105. Essential Questions
How did European and North American society and technology change in the aftermath of World War I?

106. Target: Society, Culture, and Technology in the Industrialized World
Class and Gender
Class distinctions began to fade after WWI.
Activities of gov’t expanded = need for more bureaucrats.

107. Women’s lives changed rapidly in the 1920s.
Some remained in the work force.
Young and wealthy = personal freedoms.
Gradually gained the right to vote.
Social reform.

108. Revolution in the Sciences
Discovery of subatomic particles.
More plentiful and dangerous sources of energy.

109. New social sciences were unsettling.
Challenged Victorian morality, middle-class values, and notions of Western superiority.
Wartime experiences called into question the West’s faith in reason and progress.

110. New Technologies of Modernity
Aviation.
Electricity.
Radios, film.
Advances in medicine (disinfectants, x-ray machines)
Water supply and sewage treatment systems.

111. Technology and the Environment
Skyscraper and automobile transformed urban environment.
Dams and canals in India, Australia, and the western US.

112. Essential Questions
How did European and North American society and technology change in the aftermath of World War I?